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Yet, little is known about the interplay of these factors in the occurrence of tics. We investigated whether polygenic risk score (PRS) of TS and pregnancy\u2010related factors together enhance the explained variance of tic occurrence in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>cases<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a0612; <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>controls<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a04,201; 50% male; mean age 13.8\u2009years). We included a cumulative adverse pregnancy risk score, maternal anxiety and depression, and maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy. We investigated possible joint effects of genetic and pregnancy\u2010related risk factors using a multivariable approach, and explored mediation effects between the pregnancy\u2010related risk factors in explaining tic presence. The PRS and the cumulative adverse pregnancy risk score, maternal anxiety, or maternal depression explained significantly more variance of tic presence compared to models including only the PRS. Furthermore, we found that the cumulative adverse pregnancy risk score mediated the association between several pregnancy\u2010related factors (maternal anxiety, depression, and smoking) and tics. The combination of a PRS and pregnancy\u2010related risk factors explained more variance of tics in a general population cohort compared to studying these factors in isolation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T15:43:31Z","timestamp":1670514211000},"page":"73-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Polygenic and environmental determinants of tics in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6080-257X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdulkadir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New 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