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First, while recognizing the key importance of heredity in the etiology of psychosis. Grassmann was critical of many of the highly speculative extant theories. Second, he reviewed most of the major methodologic concerns in the literature from what kinds of heredity to investigate to the problems with the global use of insanity as a diagnostic category. Third, he discussed in detail genetic theories associated with Degeneration theory, maintaining considerable skepticism. Fourth, he recognized nongenetic contribution to familial transmission. Fifth, he reviewed evidence for both homogeneous and heterogeneous transmission of forms of mental illness in families, suggesting that both were important. Sixth, while he noted that mania, melancholia, and cyclothymia commonly replaced each other in families, Verr\u00fccktheit (delusional psychoses) rarely co\u2010segregated in families with these mood disorders. Seventh, Grassmann, like other 19th century writers, saw relatives to be of value only in assessing the level of hereditary predisposition in patients and had limited appreciation of the need for controlled studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T21:18:45Z","timestamp":1670620725000},"page":"41-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Karl Grassmann's 1896 paper \u201ccritical overview of contemporary theories of the heredity of the psychoses\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"192","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, and Department of Psychiatry Medical College of Virginia\/Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Klee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto  Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"855","article-title":"Karl Grassmann","volume":"1933","author":"Bergeat H.","year":"1933","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"volume-title":"The rise of causal concepts of disease: Case histories","year":"2003","author":"Carter K. 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