{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T15:23:53Z","timestamp":1782746633067,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hedonic (happiness) and eudaimonic (meaning in life) well\u2010being are negatively related to depressive symptoms. Genetic variants play a role in this association, reflected in substantial genetic correlations. We investigated the overlap and differences between well\u2010being and depressive symptoms, using results of Genome\u2010Wide Association studies (GWAS) in UK Biobank. Subtracting GWAS summary statistics of depressive symptoms from those of happiness and meaning in life, we obtained GWASs of respectively \u201cpure\u201d happiness (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>effective<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009216,497) and \u201cpure\u201d meaning (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>effective<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009102,300). For both, we identified one genome\u2010wide significant SNP (rs1078141 and rs79520962, respectively). After subtraction, SNP heritability reduced from 6.3% to 3.3% for pure happiness and from 6.2% to 4.2% for pure meaning. The genetic correlation between the well\u2010being measures reduced from 0.78 to 0.65. Pure happiness and pure meaning became genetically unrelated to traits strongly associated with depressive symptoms, including loneliness, and psychiatric disorders. For other traits, including ADHD, educational attainment, and smoking, the genetic correlations of well\u2010being versus pure well\u2010being changed substantially. GWAS\u2010by\u2010subtraction allowed us to investigate the genetic variance of well\u2010being unrelated to depressive symptoms. Genetic correlations with different traits led to new insights about this unique part of well\u2010being. Our results can be used as a starting point to test causal relationships with other variables, and design future well\u2010being interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T06:14:02Z","timestamp":1689142442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Distinguishing happiness and meaning in life from depressive symptoms: A\n                    <scp>GWAS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010by\u2010subtraction study in the\n                    <scp>UK Biobank<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianne P.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam University Medical Centres  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perline A.","family":"Demange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute Amsterdam University Medical Centres  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart M. 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