{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T07:49:24Z","timestamp":1753861764040,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 1936, Bruno Schulz published the first detailed, book\u2010length review of the methodology of psychiatric genetic research, based on his experiences at the German Research Institute of Psychiatry. Emphasis is placed on proper selection of relatives and the ascertainment corrections required for Mendelian transmission models. Twin studies are considered as is the impact of reduced fertility on patterns of risk. For the field work, Schulz emphasizes the importance of trust\u2010building, confidentiality, collateral informants, and the use of medical and other administrative records, all ideally stored in personal files. Several methods of age\u2010correction are reviewed. Schulz provides detailed algebraic treatments of these and other problems, including tests for etiologic homogeneity, with worked examples. He emphasizes two fundamental concerns in psychiatric genetics research: (i) its inter\u2010dependency with the optimal diagnostic boundaries, which are rarely known and (ii) the genetic homogeneity of clinical samples. Given these problems, he is pessimistic about finding Mendelian transmission patterns. He assesses the predominant 19th\u2010century method of psychiatric genetic investigation\u2014\u201chereditary burden\u201d\u2014to be crude and biased by family size. Although written at a time of consolidation of Nazi power in Germany, this book nowhere endorses their racial\/eugenic policies and can be seen as subtly questioning them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T05:27:33Z","timestamp":1699334853000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bruno Schulz's 1936 book \u201cMethodology of medical genetic research particularly with regard to psychiatry\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"195","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8689-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth S.","family":"Kendler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry The Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Medical College of Virginia\/Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Klee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Mendelismus bei Psychosen, speziell bei der Schizophrenie","volume":"1","author":"Bleuler E.","year":"1917","journal-title":"Schweizer Archiv f\u00fcr Neurologie und Psychiatrie"},{"volume-title":"Similarit\u00e9 et Mend\u00e9lisme dans l'h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 de la d\u00e9mence pr\u00e9coce et de la folie maniaque\u2010depressive\u2026","year":"1915","author":"Boven W.","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Forensic epidemiology: Principles and practice","year":"2016","author":"Freeman M.","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point","year":"1972","author":"Gottesman I. 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