{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:40:14Z","timestamp":1792701614698,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt B"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although common genetic liability\u2014quantified through polygenic risk scores (PRS)\u2014accounts for substantial variance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) liability, how prenatal environmental exposures interact with genetic predisposition to shape developmental outcomes remains poorly understood. Using the data from Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), we examined whether maternal prenatal factors moderate the association between ASD PRS and developmental outcomes, including language delay, motor delay, and core ASD traits. In exploratory gene\u2013environment interaction analyses, amniocentesis was a candidate positive moderator of the association between PRS and both language and motor delay, such that higher polygenic liability was associated with a greater likelihood of these delays among prenatally exposed children. First\u2010trimester vaginal bleeding showed a similar positive interaction estimate for motor delay. Maternal use of over\u2010the\u2010counter (OTC) medications during pregnancy\u2014predominantly acetaminophen, reported by 59.9% of OTC users\u2014was associated with an inverse interaction estimate, corresponding to a decreased association between polygenic liability and language delay among exposed children. These observations suggest that several prenatal factors may modify the association between common genetic liability and developmental outcomes among autistic children and should be considered hypothesis\u2010generating until replicated in larger, population\u2010based cohorts. Replication in independent samples, together with analyses that address selection and confounding, will be required before these candidate gene\u2013environment interactions can be interpreted as reflecting specific developmental mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.70040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:21:14Z","timestamp":1792552874000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Factors Modifying the Link Between Genetic Risk for Autism and Developmental Milestones"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6011-9134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"D'Alesio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Saint Louis University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-5375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishani Nimish","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health and Social Justice Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2079-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"McKenna","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Messias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Saint Louis University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Saint Louis University  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping\u2010I","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Saint Louis University School of Medicine  St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.3172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010021\u201000754\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Autism Speaks. n.d.\u201cAutism Genetic Resource Exchange 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