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Even in disorders where the fundamental biochemical defect is known, such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and other enzyme defects, the exact basis for brain dysfunction is uncertain. The outcome for treated PKU, galactosemia, homocystinuria, and lysosomal disorders is not yet optimal. The various forms of nonketotic hyperglycinemia often respond poorly to current therapy. Less familiar disorders, with or without seizures, such as deficient synthesis of serine or creatine and impaired glucose transport into the brain, and disorders with variable malformations, such as Smith\u2010Lemli\u2010Opitz (SLO) syndrome and the congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs), may initially be thought to be a nonspecific form of developmental delay.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:disp-quote content-type=\"pull-quote\"><jats:p>Less familiar disorders, with or without seizures and disorders with variable malformations may initially be thought to be a nonspecific form of developmental delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:disp-quote><\/jats:p><jats:p>Simple tests of urine, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid may lead to a diagnosis, accurate genetic counseling, and better treatment. Metabolic brain imaging (magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)) has also helped to reveal biochemical abnormalities within the brain. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.10018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,31]],"date-time":"2003-01-31T14:48:19Z","timestamp":1044024499000},"page":"31-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Metabolic disorders and mental retardation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117C","author":[{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Kahler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael 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