{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:05:11Z","timestamp":1774526711404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,8]],"date-time":"2004-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1081382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt C"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alcohol is an important element in the causal chain of risk for fetal, infant, and childhood mortality. Mortality risk is influenced by interactions of alcohol with other environmental and genetic factors and temporal periods of susceptibility. In this paper we discuss four time periods (preconceptual, gestational, infancy, and childhood) where alcohol use may create a context of risk. Alcohol use in one period increases the risk of alcohol use in subsequent periods. Gestational alcohol use can influence risk of mortality from abuse of mother\/fetus, can cause other adverse outcomes, and can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). In infancy alcohol use can increase risk from impairment of arousal in adults who use alcohol. Infants with gestational exposure can be behaviorally difficult with sleep disturbance, irritability, and colic. This can increase the risk of harm or death, especially during periods of caretakers' alcohol use. Caretakers' alcohol use and smoking are strongly correlated. The all\u2010cause mortality rate in people diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is over 5%. All\u2010cause mortality in siblings of diagnosed cases of FAS is increased 530% compared to siblings of matched controls. We recommend that a context of alcohol use be considered as a marker for multifactorial risk in all fetal, infant, and child deaths. A schema to collect data on alcohol use is provided to increase awareness of alcohol use as an environmental risk marker for mortality. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,8]],"date-time":"2004-04-08T19:13:25Z","timestamp":1081451605000},"page":"51-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Fetal, infant, and child mortality in a context of alcohol use"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127C","author":[{"given":"Larry","family":"Burd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-5217-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/35.5.509"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1998.26.4.263"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","volume-title":"Maternal risk assessment","author":"Burd L","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621961000124806"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","article-title":"Increased sibling mortality in children with fetal alcohol syndrome","author":"Burd L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Alcohol use among women of childbearing age\u2014United States, 1991\u20131999","volume":"51","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.11.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403884","article-title":"Mortality in foetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Habbick BF","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.21.2717"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","first-page":"476","article-title":"Les enfants de parents alcooliques. 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