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This includes problems with chronic ear infections and chronic middle ear effusions with associated hearing loss, airway obstruction, and sleep apnea, as well as problems with chronic rhinitis and sinusitis. In addition, many of these ENT problems require surgical interventions, and there are special anesthesia considerations that need to be addressed in children with DS. These include subglottic stenosis, post\u2010operative airway obstruction, and cervical spine concerns. As the care of children with DS has become more consistent and proactive, outcomes from the treatment of these ENT manifestations have improved. Aggressive interventions, both medical and surgical, have led to a decreased incidence of hearing loss, good control of the chronic rhinitis, and a better awareness of the incidence of sleep apnea and sleep\u2010disordered breathing in individuals with DS. These common otolaryngologic manifestations of DS are reviewed with recommendations for ongoing care and monitoring. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T17:50:06Z","timestamp":1152726606000},"page":"131-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Down syndrome: Common otolaryngologic manifestations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"142C","author":[{"given":"Sally R.","family":"Shott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.96.1.151","article-title":"Atlantoaxial instability in Down syndrome: Subject Review","volume":"96","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and 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