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Some abnormalities are unique to WBS, such as the elastin arteriopathy that often manifests as supravalvar aortic stenosis and hypertension. Still other features, such as diverticulosis, are seen in the general population but tend to present earlier in WBS. Life long monitoring of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems is essential to the clinical management of individuals with Williams\u2013Beuren syndrome. Constipation should be aggressively managed, and symptoms of abdominal pain should prompt an evaluation for diverticulosis\/diverticulitis. While the mean IQ of WBS is in the mild mental retardation range, difficulties with attention and anxiety are more likely to negatively impact independent functioning in the adult with WBS. There is no evidence for decline in cognitive ability over time, but adaptive functioning may be improved with treatment of anxiety by both behavior and medical modalities. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,18]],"date-time":"2007-07-18T22:16:27Z","timestamp":1184796987000},"page":"280-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Diagnosis and management of medical problems in adults with Williams\u2013Beuren syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"145C","author":[{"given":"Barbara R.","family":"Pober","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen A.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320510305"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Variability of the cranial and dental phenotype in Williams syndrome","volume":"170","author":"Axelsson S","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swed Dent J Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.26.6.1235"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70042-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990423)83:5<356::AID-AJMG2>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.10.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088307389601100116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19970516)70:2<188::AID-AJMG16>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.3.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/501073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2603_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy. 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