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When these claims were refuted and behavioral treatments introduced, their focus on environmental determination minimized the importance of biological research. The modern era began with the recognition that patterned behavior, for example, self\u2010injury in Lesch\u2013Nyhan syndrome and hyperphagia in PWS, was syndrome\u2010specific, and when parent support groups pointed out syndrome\u2010specific behavioral similarities in their children. Syndrome\u2010specific rating scales and methodologies followed to allow behavioral comparisons between syndromes. The focus initially was on specific behaviors but with refinements in neuropsychological tests has expanded to include neurocognitive profiles. Greater clarification in genetic diagnoses has led to mutant mouse behavioral models and neurophysiologic and neuroimaging strategies have made possible the study of brain circuits. There is growing interest in investigating the developmental trajectory of behaviors from infancy to adulthood and old age. Because anxiety, mood disturbance, repetitive behaviors, and social deficits commonly occur in people with severe ID, those affected are often given multiple psychiatric diagnoses. This has led to considerable confusion in the literature. It is critical to focus on specific behaviors and cognitive patterns in research and not confuse psychiatric symptoms that lack precise definitions and involve multiple genes, the so\u2010called psychiatric phenotype, with the more specific behavioral phenotype. New treatments based on knowledge of underlying neurobiology call for more fine\u2010grained definition of behavior. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]],"date-time":"2010-10-27T15:02:09Z","timestamp":1288191729000},"page":"389-399","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Advances in understanding behavioral phenotypes in neurogenetic syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"154C","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01397-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2008.063701"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)21630-5","article-title":"Behavioral differences between neonatal and adult\u20106\u2010hydorxydopamine treated rats to dopamine gonists: Relevance to neurological symptoms in clinical syndromes with reduced brain dopamine","volume":"231","author":"Breese GR","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(90)90240-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"Buck v. 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