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Growth can be divided into four phases: (1) fetal, where the predominant endocrine factors controlling growth are insulin and the insulin\u2010like growth factors. (2) Infancy, where growth is mainly dependent upon nutrition. (3) Childhood, where the growth hormone\u2013insulin\u2010like growth factor\u2010I (GH\u2010IGF\u2010I) axis and thyroid hormone are most important. (4) Puberty, where along with the GH\u2010IGF\u2010I axis the activation of the hypothalamo\u2010pituitary\u2013gonadal axis to generate sex steroid secretion becomes vital to the completion of growth. GH is released from the pituitary in a pulsatile fashion under the control of GHRH, Ghrelin, and somatostatin and, via a complex signal transduction cascade, initiates the release of IGF\u2010I within many tissues but predominantly the liver and at the growth plate. IGF\u2010I acts in an autocrine and paracrine manner via the IGF\u2010I receptor to stimulate cell proliferation and longitudinal growth. Activation of the pituitary\u2013gonadal axis during puberty occurs via a complex interaction of factors including kisspeptin, leptin, gonadotrophin releasing hormone, and tachykinin ultimately leading to augmentation of GH secretion, the pubertal growth spurt, and fusion of the growth plates. Many other hormones can affect the GH\u2010IGF\u2010I system or directly affect cell proliferation at the growth plate including thyroid hormone, vitamin D, and corticosteroids. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,23]],"date-time":"2013-04-23T15:22:13Z","timestamp":1366730533000},"page":"76-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Endocrine Control of Growth"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"PHILIP G.","family":"MURRAY","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER 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