{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:17:42Z","timestamp":1789996662731,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Med Genetics Pt C"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Many psychiatric disorders are caused by multiple genes and multiple environmental factors, making the identification of specific genetic risk factors for these disorders difficult. Endophenotypes are behaviors or characteristics that are intermediate between the genotype and a phenotype of interest. Because they are more directly related to the gene action than is the endpoint disorder, they may be useful in the identification of specific genes related to psychiatric disorders and the classification of disorders or traits that share an underlying genetic etiology. We discuss genetic and endophenotype research on schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in this review. Some of the psychophysiological endophenotypes that have been studied for schizophrenia include prepulse inhibition of the startle response, the antisaccadic task assessing frontal lobe function, inhibition of the P50 event\u2010related potential (ERP), and other auditory ERP measures. Potential ASD endophenotypes include theory of mind, language skills (specifically, age at first spoken word and first spoken phrase), social skills, and certain brain functions, such as asynchronization of neural activity and brain responses to emotional faces. Because the link between genes and specific psychiatric disorders is difficult to determine, identification of endophenotypes is useful for beginning the search to identify specific genes that affect these disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]],"date-time":"2017-06-29T13:09:05Z","timestamp":1498741745000},"page":"354-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A review of endophenotypes in schizophrenia and autism: The next phase for understanding genetic etiologies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"175","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0784-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisabeth F.","family":"DiLalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Carbondale Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"McCrary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Illinois University Carbondale Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001666"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-014-9755-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91325-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.1.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.4.548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2016.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw157"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Translating genetic risk loci into molecular risk mechanisms for schizophrenia","volume":"42","author":"Bray N. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.5.869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Handbook of biosocial criminology","author":"DiLalla L. F.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617691483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"1114","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders","author":"El\u2010Fishawy P.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Schizophrenia genesis: The origins of madness","author":"Gottesman I. I.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.58.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12020186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1081-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60546-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-015-9765-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"531","volume-title":"Child psychopathology","author":"Klinger L. G.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001544"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.14050576"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9354-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790170015002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1990.44.4.499","article-title":"Whatever became of the schizophrenogenic mother","volume":"44","author":"Neill J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychotherapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13595"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283642dfd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615-013-0445-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2016). The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. [http:\/\/apps.who.int\/classifications\/icd10\/browse\/2016\/en#\/F20\u2010F29]Accessed 15 June 2017."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajmg.c.31566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajmg.c.31566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T16:42:51Z","timestamp":1694623371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajmg.c.31566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajmg.c.31566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajmg.c.31566","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-4868","1552-4876"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-4868","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-4876","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]}}}