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The condition leads to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and ever since the condition was described approximately 80\u2009years ago, testosterone treatment has been the cornerstone in care for individuals with KS. However, KS is associated with an array of health\u2010related and socioeconomic challenges and it is becoming progressively clear that proper care for boys and men with KS reaches far beyond simply supplementing with testosterone. There are no widely implemented guidelines for KS care, and studies investigating crucial aspects of testosterone treatment in individuals with KS, including both beneficial and potentially adverse effects, have only begun to emerge during the last decades. For this descriptive review, we present an overview of literature describing health\u2010related outcomes of testosterone treatment in KS and outline the clinical applications of testosterone treatment in KS. Collectively, beneficial effects of testosterone treatment on overall health in KS are described with few apparent adverse effects. However, larger randomized studies in adult and pediatric patients are warranted to elucidate key aspects of treatment. We stress the implementation of centralized multidisciplinary clinics and the need for a dedicated international guideline to ensure optimal care of boys and men with KS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T10:55:26Z","timestamp":1591268126000},"page":"344-355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Morbidity in Klinefelter syndrome and the effect of testosterone treatment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1130-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus university Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Lillebaelt Hospital  Kolding Denmark"},{"name":"Unit for Thrombosis Research Hospital of South West Jutland  Esbjerg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9178-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Skakkeb\u00e6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanlee M","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"eXtraordinarY Kids Clinic and Research Program Children's Hospital Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus H","family":"Gravholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Aarhus university Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine Aarhus University Hospital  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199704)17:4<363::AID-PD79>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.120675"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1328883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.8.4163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0976-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00229"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Secondary polycythemia and the risk of venous thromboembolism","volume":"6","author":"Bhatt V. 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