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Individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS) show an increased incidence of developmental dyslexia and individuals with Turner Syndrome (TS) are often affected by developmental dyscalculia. Accordingly, KS frequently coincides with verbal deficits, and TS with visual\u2013spatial impairments. Though neurocognitive profiles of KS and TS are well\u2010established, little is known about the neurobiology underling learning in SCA. This review summarizes current structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in KS and TS related to literacy and mathematical skills. It includes studies that focus on correlates between brain anatomy and cognition in SCA and on functional brain responses during learning\u2010related tasks and at rest. We highlight important neural circuits that are related to domain\u2010specific skills of literacy and mathematics. We discuss how identifying neuroendophenotypes of learning in SCA might contribute to developing a novel framework for SLD that accounts for potential genetic effects on learning, and from the X and Y chromosomes specifically. Future research directions are considered to establish clear brain\u2010behavior relationships that might ultimately improve the treatment of SLD in SCA across development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T14:38:34Z","timestamp":1590676714000},"page":"518-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Specific learning disorders in sex chromosome aneuploidies: Neural circuits of literacy and mathematics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4885-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliana I.","family":"Karipidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences School of Medicine, Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9515-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences School of Medicine, Stanford University  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Nature","volume":"23","author":"Accounting for sex in the genome","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171454"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408315637"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2019.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228092"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320480312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701744013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904402107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(02)00086-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5899-10.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.012294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617703960036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng792"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09084281003715683"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<107::AID-MRDD4>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2004.00100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0402-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9496-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.08.009"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.81.6.795","article-title":"Oral and written language abilities of XXY boys: Implications for anticipatory guidance","volume":"81","author":"Graham J. 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