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With a prevalence of 2\u201319 per 100,000 live births, coloboma, and microphthalmia, an associated ocular disorder, represent up to 10% of childhood blindness. It manifests due to the failure of choroid fissure closure during eye development, and it is a part of a spectrum of ocular disorders that include microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Use of genetic approaches from classical pedigree analyses to next generation sequencing has identified more than 40 loci that are associated with the causality of ocular coloboma. As we have expanded studies to include singleton cases, hereditability has been very challenging to prove. As such, researchers over the past 20\u2009years, have unraveled the complex interrelationship amongst these 40 genes using vertebrate model organisms. Such research has greatly increased our understanding of eye development. These genes function to regulate initial specification of the eye field, migration of retinal precursors, patterning of the retina, neural crest cell biology, and activity of head mesoderm. This review will discuss the discovery of loci using patient data, their investigations in animal models, and the recent advances stemming from animal models that shed new light in patient diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.31831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T15:02:33Z","timestamp":1599058953000},"page":"590-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ocular coloboma: Genetic variants reveal a dynamic model of eye development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin H.","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina C.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Dicipulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4141-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ordan J.","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Waskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Women &amp; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta  Edmonton Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22580"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.08.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"1449","article-title":"RAX and anophthalmia in humans: Evidence of brain anomalies","volume":"18","author":"Abouzeid H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-02019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7471-9_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511280"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds560"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-010-0820-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302529"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375555"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08733"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33239"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.3.805","article-title":"Vax2 inactivation in mouse determines alteration of the eye dorsal\u2010ventral axis, misrouting of the optic fibres and eye coloboma","volume":"129","author":"Barbieri A. 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