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Psychomotor delay, learning difficulties, and social deficits are also common. Furthermore, behavioral and attention problems can be reckoned as a key symptom in NS, with functioning resembling the patterns observed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The complex behavioral phenotype has great impact on the quality of life and raises demanding management issues also for patients' families. Parent management training (PMT) is recommended as first\u2010line treatment for ADHD; however, no study has been performed to test the efficacy of PMT in NS, thus far. The aim of this pilot study is the implementation and evaluation of a PMT dedicated to NS families. Parents of seven children with NS were recruited and underwent to a 10\u2010session PMT. Three different questionnaires were administered to both parents: Conners Parent Rating Scales, Parenting Stress Index Short Form (PSI\u2010SF), and Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). Our findings on this first small cohort of families indicate that positive perception and satisfaction about the child and the interaction with him increased in mothers after the intervention, as measured respectively by PSI\u2010SF difficult child (DC) and PSI\u2010SF parent\u2013child dysfunctional interaction (PCDI), while mothers' level of stress decreased after the PMT, as indicated by PSI\u2010SF total scores. Furthermore, APQ positive parenting, which measures behaviors of positive relationship with the child, increased in mothers after the intervention. Statistical analysis on fathers' questionnaires did not show significant differences after the PMT sessions. This pilot study suggests that PMT is a promising intervention for parents of NS children with behavioral and ADHD symptoms. Changes in mothers' attitudes and distress indicate that behaviorally oriented programs may help parents to manage with NS phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.32025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T19:55:20Z","timestamp":1670615720000},"page":"510-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuropsychological features in RASopathies: A pilot study on parent training program involving families of children with Noonan syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7293-2315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica Alice Maria","family":"Montanaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Caciolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Piga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7736-9672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Tartaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Licchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione UILDM Lazio Onlus  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Digilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Vicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children's Hospital, IRCCS  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Parenting stress index\u2010short form","author":"Abidin R. 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