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While the mainstay of treatment in DS and ASD is focused on educational and behavioral therapies, pharmacological treatments can be used to reduce symptom burden. There is a paucity of evidence and limited clinical trials in DS and DS\u2009+\u2009ASD. Some scientific evidence is available, primarily in open label studies and case series that can guide treatment choices. Additionally, clinical decisions are often extrapolated from evidence and experience from those with ASD, or intellectual disability in those without DS. This article reviews current research in pharmacological treatment in DS, ASD, and DS\u2009+\u2009ASD, reviews co\u2010occurring neurodevelopmental and mental health diagnoses in individuals with DS\u2009+\u2009ASD across the lifespan, and describes practical approaches to psychopharmacological management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.32069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T15:10:00Z","timestamp":1698073800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Psychopharmacological treatments in Down syndrome and autism spectrum disorder: State of the research and practical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"193","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-3058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole T.","family":"Baumer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins Medicine  Baltimore Maryland USA"},{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CHILDREN8050318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2016.1232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13229-021-00420-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000231976.28719.2A"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/CAP.2015.0193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S11689-022-09435-Z\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2006.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/GENES13101821"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AJMG.A.36052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0B013E318165C100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/AJMG.A.30622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DMCN.14127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1866-1955-7-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200822110-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/BJP.162.6.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30269-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0B013E3181D5AA6D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPSYCH.2006.03.082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0790966700002020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S11689-015-9101-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.39465.544028.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-127.2.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-124.3.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00144"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"77","article-title":"A double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism","volume":"53","author":"Fankhauser M. 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