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Of the 87 subjects, 29 had been referred to the program whereas 58 had not. Abnormal behavior was unrelated to the subject's housing location (biocontainment vs. other facility) or invasiveness of research. Nursery\u2010reared subjects displayed more abnormal behavior than mother\u2010reared subjects. Across and within rearing categories, the proportion of the first 48 months of life spent singly housed was positively related to the amount of abnormal behavior at maturity. This effect was stronger for subjects separated from the mother for clinical rather than experimental reasons, and least for mother\u2010reared subjects. Locomotor stereotypy, by far the most frequent form of abnormal behavior, was positively related to time in single housing but was unrelated to rearing. These results reinforce the importance of tactile social contact during juvenility for the prevention of abnormal behavior in social primates. They also suggest that self\u2010directed abnormal behaviors and locomotor stereotypies have different etiologies. Am. J. Primatol. 58:57\u201369, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,18]],"date-time":"2002-10-18T16:16:40Z","timestamp":1034957800000},"page":"57-69","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"RITA U.","family":"BELLANCA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CAROLYN M.","family":"CROCKETT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02979261"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"A preliminary survey of the incidence of abnormal behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) relative to housing condition","volume":"21","author":"Bayne K","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Behavior profiles of laboratory monkeys referred to a Regional Primate Research Center's psychological well\u2010being program","volume":"49","author":"Bellanca RU","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"674","volume-title":"Comparative psychology: a handbook","author":"Boccia ML","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"BushongD SchapiroSJ BloomsmithMA.1992.Self\u2010aggression in nonhuman primates: a review of its development\/possible causes methods of therapeutic treatment and its relevance to the zoo situation. 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