{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:54:28Z","timestamp":1791467668146,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,6]],"date-time":"2003-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1052179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal behavior in captive rhesus monkeys can range from active whole\u2010body and self\u2010directed stereotypies to self\u2010injurious behavior (SIB). Although abnormal behaviors are common in singly\u2010housed rhesus monkeys, the type and frequency of these behaviors are highly variable across individual animals, and the factors influencing them are equally varied. The purpose of this investigation was to survey abnormal behavior in a large population of rhesus macaques, to characterize the relationship between stereotypies and self\u2010injury, and to identify potential risk factors for these aberrant behaviors. Behavioral assessments of 362 individually housed rhesus monkeys were collected at the New England Regional Primate Research Center (NERPRC) and combined with colony records. Of the 362 animals surveyed, 321 exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (mean: 2.3, range: 1\u20138). The most common behavior was pacing. Sex differences were apparent, with males showing more abnormal behavior than females. SIB was also associated with stereotypies. Animals with a veterinary record of self\u2010injury exhibited a greater number of self\u2010directed stereotypies than those that did not self\u2010injure. Housing and protocol conditions, such as individual housing at an early age, longer time housed individually, greater number of blood draws, and nursery rearing, were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior. Thus, many factors may influence the development and maintenance of abnormal behavior in captive primates. Some of these factors are intrinsic to the individual (e.g., sex effects), whereas others are related to colony management practices, rearing conditions, and research protocols. Am. J. Primatol. 60:1\u201315, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,21]],"date-time":"2003-05-21T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1053511277000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":222,"title":["Stereotypic and self\u2010injurious behavior in rhesus macaques: A survey and retrospective analysis of environment and early experience"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Corrine","family":"Lutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Well","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.89.4.539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1974.34.3.947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350230104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"A preliminary survey of the incidence of abnormal behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) relative to housing condition","volume":"21","author":"Bayne K","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Nonhuman primate wounding prevalence: a retrospective analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bayne K","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.10052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"849","article-title":"Stereotyped movements of mental defectives. 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