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Predictions that cotton\u2010top tamarin (<jats:italic>Saguinus oedipus<\/jats:italic>) helpers would change their behavior when carrying infants because of reduced mobility and\/or a need for increased vigilance were tested in a captive colony. Tamarins carrying an infant spent significantly less time feeding, foraging, moving, or engaging in social activities such as grooming than they did when not carrying. Frequencies of scratching, autogrooming, and scent marking were significantly reduced in carriers, suggesting that their mobility was reduced. However, carriers were significantly less likely to be vigilant (measured by direction of gaze) than when not carrying. Further observations showed that carriers spent more time in concealed areas than they did when not carrying and were probably therefore adopting a cryptic strategy to reduce predation risks to themselves and to infants. These results demonstrate that tamarin helpers pay costs by carrying infants. Some possible compensating benefits are indicated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350260106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T20:33:25Z","timestamp":1118522005000},"page":"23-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The costs of infant carrying in captive cotton\u2010top tamarins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eluned C.","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Baboon Mothers and Infants","author":"Altmann J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Behavioral Energetics: the Cost of Survival in Vertebrates","author":"Altmann J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156296"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350100102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350120302"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"536","article-title":"The effects of carrying infants on the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) caregivers","volume":"8","author":"Clarke F. 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