{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T18:48:33Z","timestamp":1781808513670,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,15]],"date-time":"2005-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1124064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In macaques and other cercopithecoid primates, large anogenital swellings (AS) are generally found only in those species in which reproduction is not seasonally restricted. In this respect, the Barbary macaque is unusual because while it shows a marked degree of reproductive seasonality, it also exhibits a striking, exaggerated swelling of the circumanal region and labia. Information on the characteristics of AS in female Barbary macaques is limited in that it is largely based on semiquantitative assessments of swelling size, and there are no data on endocrine parameters associated with AS during ovulatory cycles or early pregnancy. In the present study, we combined quantitative measurements of four swelling size parameters (AS width, height, and depth, and labial width) using a video\u2010imaging technique with fecal estrogen and progestagen determinations in free\u2010ranging females of the Gibraltar Barbary macaque population to 1) characterize the pattern of AS throughout the mating season and early gestation, and 2) examine the relationships among changes in swelling size and endocrine parameters. The patterns of all four swelling parameters correlated significantly with one another, although measures of AS depth and labial width were difficult to obtain. Using the product of AS height and width, the data demonstrate that the occurrence of AS is highly seasonal, with pronounced cyclical changes during the mating season and early pregnancy. Furthermore, the swelling cycles are characterized by progressive size increases from the early to the late follicular phase, in association with an elevated estrogen:progestagen (E:P) ratio, with ovulation occurring during the maximum swelling phase. The results also demonstrated a conspicuous postconception increase in swelling between days 18\u201330 of gestation. The postconception swellings were on average 80% of the size of that of the conception cycles, and were preceded by a large increase in fecal estrogen levels and the E:P ratio. This is the first study to characterize swelling patterns and their endocrine correlates during ovarian cycles and early pregnancy in naturally reproducing female Barbary macaques. The data provide a solid basis for further studies to explore sociosexual behavioral patterns and the functional significance of AS in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 66:351\u2013368, 2005. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,15]],"date-time":"2005-08-15T19:50:13Z","timestamp":1124135413000},"page":"351-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Patterns of anogenital swelling size and their endocrine correlates during ovulatory cycles and early pregnancy in free\u2010ranging barbary macaques (<i>Macaca sylvanus<\/i>) of Gibraltar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"U.","family":"M\u00f6hle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Heistermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Dittami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Reinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.K.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:4<285::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.5.1053"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1999.1545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod25.3.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60286-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Primate sexuality. Comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings","author":"Dixson AF","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"DombLJG.2000.Sexual swellings in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) at Gombe National Park Tanzania. Ph.D. dissertation Harvard University Cambridge MA. 193 p. Available from UMI Dissertation Services Ann Arbor MI; UMI #9972476."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-003-0648-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155715"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02547671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02373394"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.4.844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Measurement of faecal steroid metabolites in the lion\u2010tailed macaque (Macaca silenus): a non\u2010invasive tool for assessing ovarian function","volume":"59","author":"Heistermann M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Primate Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.3.640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350220408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330250309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156198"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1999.1159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00013-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2002.00798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350320104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"TaubDM.1978.Aspects of the biology of the wild Barbary macaques (Primates Cercopithecinae Macaca sylvanus L 1758): biogeography the mating system and male\u2013infant associations. Ph.D. dissertation University of California\u2013Davis Davis CA. 347 p."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542466.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod29.4.841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350310202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"Perineal swellings: a social and endocrine advantage for Barbary macaque females (Macaca sylvanus)","volume":"23","author":"Wallner B","year":"1999","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02383104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(200006)51:2<119::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2345(200012)52:4<157::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542459.007"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Primatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajp.20161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.20161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T22:53:57Z","timestamp":1696632837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajp.20161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajp.20161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.20161","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-2565","1098-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-2565","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8]]}}}