{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T22:32:34Z","timestamp":1773959554556,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]],"date-time":"2009-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1242000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black\u2010crested gibbons (<jats:italic>Nomascus concolor jingdongensis<\/jats:italic>) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major functions proposed for loud gibbon songs include resource defense, mate defense, pairbonding, group cohesion and mate attraction. Duet bouts are generally initiated by adult males, who select the highest trees near to ridges or on steep slopes as singing trees. Such trees facilitate voice transmission and inter\u2010group communication. Singing trees tended to be located near important food patches and sleeping sites, which supports the resource defense hypothesis. The adult male and two adult females always sang interactively, alternating male phrases with the females' stereotyped great calls, to produce the duets, and females rarely produced great calls if they were more than 30\u2009m from the male. The two females usually produced great calls synchronously during the duet, especially when they were close together. These features support both the mate defense and pairbonding hypotheses. The number of great calls and their degree of synchrony transmit information about spatial relationships and possibly pairbond strength to members to neighboring groups and floating animals. During or after the duet bouts, the adult females and juvenile moved toward to the adult male; and group members maintained a close spatial relationship, which supports the group cohesion hypothesis. Other incidents observed suggest a mate competition role for duets. The adult male always sang when the females started duetting with the subadult male. The subadult male sang solo bouts, but they were not more frequent or longer than bouts initiated by the adult male. Although mate attraction is the likely function of subadult solos, it was not convincingly demonstrated. In conclusion, all hypotheses concerning the function of singing are supported by at least some of the data, and none can be excluded. Am. J. Primatol. 71:539\u2013547, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]],"date-time":"2009-05-11T21:04:29Z","timestamp":1242075869000},"page":"539-547","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Singing behavior and singing functions of black\u2010crested gibbons (<i>Nomascus concolor jingdongensis<\/i>) at Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Peng\u2010Fei","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue\u2010Long","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"298","volume-title":"The lesser apes: evolution and behavioural biology","author":"Brockelman WY","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Siamang in Malaya: a field study of a primate in tropical rain forest","volume":"4","author":"Chivers DJ","year":"1974","journal-title":"Contrib Primatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853992X00471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156142"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"FanPF.2007.The ecology and behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi Wuliang Mountain Yunnan China. Ph.D. Dissertation Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming. 162p."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"216","article-title":"Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China","volume":"27","author":"Fan PF","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zool Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000099139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853986X00199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853999501694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"GittinsSP.1979.The behavior and ecology of the agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis). Ph.D. Dissertation University of Cambridge Cambridge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"376","volume-title":"The lesser apes: evolution and behavioural biology","author":"Goustard M","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Human encounter and predator avoidance behavior in black\u2010crested gibbon, Hylobates concolor","volume":"13","author":"Jiang XL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Anthropol Sin"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02574835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"376","volume-title":"The lesser apes: evolution and behavioural biology","author":"Kappeler M","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-006-9042-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-007-9122-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80149-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1430080407"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853985X00389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1988.tb00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1097"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80071-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853984X00263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1995.tb00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:1<35::AID-AJP4>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"196","article-title":"Long\u2010distance solo calls of white\u2010handed gibbon males (Hylobates lar)","volume":"44","author":"Reichard UH","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"390","volume-title":"The lesser apes: evolution and behavioural biology","author":"Schilling D","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Primate males: cause and consequences of variation in group composition","author":"Sommer V","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853990X00284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02693489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-005-2933-x"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Primatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajp.20686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.20686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T19:02:13Z","timestamp":1699902133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajp.20686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajp.20686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.20686","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-2565","1098-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-2565","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,11]]}}}