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Under such conditions, resilient habitat generalists such as black and gold howler monkeys (<jats:italic>Alouatta caraya<\/jats:italic>) may act as effective sentinels to overall ecosystem health and alert us to impending epidemics in the human population. To better understand this potential, we examined noninvasively collected fecal samples from black and gold howler monkeys from remote, rural, and village populations in Northern Argentina. We examined all samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=90) for the zoonotic protozoa<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. and<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sp. via immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) detection. All samples were negative for<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. The prevalence of<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sp. was significantly higher at the rural site (67%) compared with the remote forest (57%) and village (40%) sites. A lack of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. in all samples examined suggests that this pathogen is not a natural component of the howler parasite communities at these sites and that current land\u2010use patterns and livestock contact are not exposing Argentine howler monkeys to this pathogen. High prevalence of<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sp. at all sites suggests that howler monkeys may serve as a viable reservoir for<jats:italic>Giardia.<\/jats:italic>Significantly higher prevalence of<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>sp. at the rural site, where primate\u2013livestock contact is highest, suggests the presence of multiple<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>clades or increased exposure to<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>through repeated zoonotic transmission among nonhuman primates, livestock, and\/or people. These results highlight the need for future research into the epidemiology, cross\u2010species transmission ecology, and clinical consequences of<jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>and other infectious agents not only in humans and livestock, but also in the wild animals that share their environments. Am. J. Primatol. 73:75\u201383, 2011. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]],"date-time":"2010-01-18T17:24:42Z","timestamp":1263835482000},"page":"75-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Black and gold howler monkeys (<i>Alouatta caraya<\/i>) as sentinels of ecosystem health: patterns of zoonotic protozoa infection relative to degree of human\u2013primate contact"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Martin M.","family":"Kowalewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna S.","family":"Salzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Ra\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Kuhlenschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Parasitoses. 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