{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T03:04:28Z","timestamp":1768705468489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In immature wild savannah baboons (<jats:italic>Papio cynocephalus<\/jats:italic>), we observed symptoms consistent with copper (Cu) deficiency and, more specifically, with a disorder referred to as white monkey syndrome (WMS) in laboratory primates. The objectives of this study were to characterize this pathology, and test three hypotheses that (1) Cu deficiency may have been induced by zinc (Zn) toxicity, (2) it may have been induced by molybdenum (Mo) toxicity, and (3) cumulative rainfall during the perinatal period and particularly during gestation is an ecological factor distinguishing infants afflicted with WMS from non\u2010WMS infants. During 2001\u20132009, we observed 22 instances of WMS out of a total 377 live births in the study population. Visible symptoms exhibited by WMS infants included whitening of the animal's fur and\/or impaired mobility characterized by an apparent \u201cstiffening\u201d of the hindlimbs. Occurrence of WMS did not vary significantly by gender. However, among individuals that survived at least 180 days, WMS males had a significantly lower survivorship probability than non\u2010WMS males. Zn\/Cu ratios assessed from hair samples of adult female baboons were higher in females who had produced at least one WMS offspring relative to females who had not had a WMS offspring. This was true even when the hair sample was collected long after the birth of the female's afflicted infant. We consider this potentially indicative of a robust tendency for low Cu levels induced by elevated Zn intake in some individuals. No significant differences of Mo\/Cu ratios were observed. Cumulative rainfall during gestation (\u223c179 days) was 50% lower for WMS infants relative to non\u2010WMS infants. In contrast, rainfall for the two classes of infants did not differ in the 180 days before conception or in the 180 days following birth. This finding highlights the importance of prenatal ecological conditions in healthy fetal development with regard to WMS. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1160\u20131168, 2011. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T12:47:35Z","timestamp":1315313255000},"page":"1160-1168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["White monkey syndrome and presumptive copper deficiency in wild savannah baboons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"A. Catherine","family":"Markham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence R.","family":"Gesquiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Philippe","family":"Bellenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Alberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Altmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Degenerative changes in the cerebral cortex in swayback disease lambs","volume":"4","author":"Adogwa AO","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alzheimer's Disease Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542343.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Baboon mothers and infants","author":"Altmann J","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Foraging for survival: yearling baboons in Africa","author":"Altmann SA","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350010404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350300207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2008.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.6.1037","article-title":"Placental copper transport in rats: effects of elevated dietary zinc on fetal copper, iron and metallothionein","volume":"128","author":"Barone A","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.254.8.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arl006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(95)03018-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Veterinary medicine","author":"Blood DC","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002558"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-265X(92)90033-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1987.6561753x","article-title":"Hair analysis as an indicator of mineral status of livestock","volume":"65","author":"Combs DK","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.542391x","article-title":"Mineral concentrations in hair as indicators of mineral status: a review","volume":"54","author":"Combs DK","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"549","volume-title":"Heavy metals in the environment","author":"Cox DW","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"3105","volume-title":"The metabolic and molecular bases of inherited disease","author":"Culotta VC","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2007.052746"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-007-9138-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(99)00033-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/107.7.1182","article-title":"Indications of copper deficiency in a subpopulation of Alaskan moose","volume":"107","author":"Flynn A","year":"1977","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2004.00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004385"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.943","article-title":"Hair analyses: worthless for vitamins, limited for minerals","volume":"36","author":"Hambridge KM","year":"1982","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.1995.0430409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810305120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600015276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.5.1003S","article-title":"Effect of copper deficiency on prenatal development and pregnancy outcome","volume":"67","author":"Keen CL","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.794949x","article-title":"Effect of dietary selenium source, level, and pig hair color on various selenium indices","volume":"79","author":"Kim YY","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"The Cayo Santiago macaques: history, behavior and biology","author":"Marriott BM","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01734300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Environmental geochemistry and health with special reference to developing countries. Geological Society Special Publication No. 113","author":"Maskall J","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Minerals in animal and human nutrition","author":"McDowell LR","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/334343a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.69649\/pachyderm.v28i1.1001","article-title":"Iodine as a possible controlling nutrient for elephant populations","volume":"28","author":"Milewski A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pachyderm"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Trace element deficiency in livestock in Europe","volume":"2","author":"Mills CF","year":"1966","journal-title":"World Review of Animal Production"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Alopecia: possible causes and treatments, particularly in captive nonhuman primates","volume":"59","author":"Novak MA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1940272"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","first-page":"698","article-title":"Galvanized caging as a potential factor in the development of the \u201cfading infant\u201d or \u201cwhite monkey\u201d syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Obeck DK","year":"1978","journal-title":"Laboratory Animal Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/123.7.1226","article-title":"Persistent regional changes in brain copper, cuproenzymes and catecholamines following perinatal copper deficiency in mice","volume":"123","author":"Prohaska JR","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.10.3142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02735572"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023788330155"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2006.00183.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:77:1:43"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(87)80048-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90121-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-198012000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00375511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.3.840S","article-title":"Relevance of animal models for understanding mammalian copper homeostasis","volume":"88","author":"Vonk WIM","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77607-9"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Primatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajp.20983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.20983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T19:23:31Z","timestamp":1741548211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajp.20983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajp.20983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.20983","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-2565","1098-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-2565","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]}}}