{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:24:36Z","timestamp":1790555076463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leptospirosis is a widely distributed zoonosis that affects several species of domestic and wild animals. Under captive conditions, Leptospirosis is a potential problem because the physical conditions in most zoos and research centers cannot prevent the captive animals from being exposed to rodents, raccoons, opossums, and other local wildlife that are known carriers. Yet, despite the potential risk, animals that are destined for reintroduction into the wild are not routinely tested for anti\u2010<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>antibodies before their release. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of anti\u2010<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>antibodies in captive New World monkeys that were housed in the Wild Animals Screening Center in Salvador, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 44 monkeys (28<jats:italic>Callithrix jacchus<\/jats:italic>, eight<jats:italic>Callithrix pennicilata<\/jats:italic>, and eight<jats:italic>Cebus<\/jats:italic>sp.). The animals were screened for antibodies with the microscopic agglutination test. Twenty\u2010five (56.8%) primates were seroreactive, with Icterohaemorrhagiae being the most frequent serogroup. None of the monkeys, however, presented clinical signs of leptospirosis. Thus, seroreactivity with low titers in asymptomatic animals, as observed in this study, suggests exposure to the agent. The unexpected predominance of the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae further suggests that exposure to this serogroup occurred in captivity. Therefore, the dangerous possibility cannot be ignored that reintroduced monkeys will carry the leptospiral serovars into wild populations. In conclusion, primates exposed to urban serovars before their release from captivity represent a potentially significant health risk to wild populations. Am. J. Primatol. 74:8\u201311, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]],"date-time":"2011-11-03T14:45:36Z","timestamp":1320331536000},"page":"8-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Detection of anti\u2010<i>Leptospira<\/i>antibodies in captive nonhuman primates from Salvador, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Pinna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carla O.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela S.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianne P.","family":"Ori\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Lilenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/05-062.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.53393\/rial.1965.25.33425","article-title":"Estudos sobre a Leptospira wolffi em S\u00e3o Paulo","volume":"25","author":"Correa MOA","year":"1965","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5452.443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Leptospira and leptospirosis","author":"Faine S","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"IUCN guidelines for re\u2010introductions","author":"IUCN","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9","article-title":"Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. 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