{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:51:38Z","timestamp":1791334298749,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Self\u2010medication by great apes to control intestinal parasite infections has been documented at sites across <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frica. Chimpanzees (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>an troglodytes<\/jats:italic>) swallow the leaves of certain plant species whole, without chewing. Previous studies demonstrated a relationship between chimpanzee leaf swallowing and expulsion of nematode worms (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>esophagostomum<\/jats:italic> sp.) and tapeworms (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ertiella<\/jats:italic> sp.) in dung. We investigated the relationship between leaf swallowing and parasite expulsion in chimpanzees inhabiting a fragmented forest\u2013farm mosaic at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ulindi, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>ganda. During 13 months whole undigested leaves occurred in chimpanzee dung at a considerably higher frequency (10.4% of dungs) than at other sites (0.4\u20134.0%). Leaf swallowing occurred year\u2010round and showed no pronounced seasonality. Chimpanzees egested adults of multiple species of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>esophagostomum<\/jats:italic> (including <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>. stephanostomum<\/jats:italic>) and proglottids of two tapeworms\u2014<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ertiella<\/jats:italic> sp. and probably <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>aillietina<\/jats:italic> sp. The latter may not be a true infection, but the byproduct of predation on domestic fowl. Compared to previous studies, the co\u2010occurrence of whole leaves and parasites in chimpanzee dung was low. Whereas the presence of leaves in dung increased the probability of adult nematode expulsion, no association between leaf swallowing and the shedding of tapeworm proglottids was apparent. Anthropogenic habitat changes have been linked to alterations in host\u2013parasite interactions. At <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ulindi, deforestation for agriculture has increased contact between apes and people. Elevated levels of leaf swallowing could indicate these chimpanzees are especially vulnerable to parasite infections, possibly due to environmental changes and\/or increased stress levels arising from a high frequency of contact with humans. Frequent self\u2010medication by chimpanzees in a high\u2010risk environment could be a generalized adaptation to multiple parasite infections that respond differently to the behavior. Future parasitological surveys of apes and humans at <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>ulindi are needed for chimpanzee health monitoring and management, and to investigate the potential for disease transmission among apes, people, and domestic animals. Am. J. Primatol. 74:642\u2013650, 2012. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,29]],"date-time":"2012-05-29T12:16:44Z","timestamp":1338293804000},"page":"642-650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["High Frequency of Leaf Swallowing and its Relationship to Intestinal Parasite Expulsion in \u201cVillage\u201d Chimpanzees at <scp>B<\/scp>ulindi, <scp>U<\/scp>ganda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Mclennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anthropology Centre for Conservation Environment and Development Oxford Brookes University  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primate Research Institute Kyoto University  Inuyama Aichi 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