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To be useful, however, social knowledge requires memories from previous encounters and observations about individual traits that are stable. Here, we argue that social systems or traits that make social knowledge more costly or less accurate will favor signals that either supplement or replace social knowledge. Thus, the relationship between signals and social knowledge can be complementary or antagonistic depending on the type of signal. Our goal in this review is to elucidate the relationships between signals and social knowledge in primates. We categorize signals into three types, each with different relationships to social knowledge. (1) Identity signals directly facilitate social knowledge, (2) current\u2010state signals supplement information gained through social knowledge, and (3) badges of status replace social knowledge. Primates rely extensively on identity information, but it remains to be determined to what extent this is based on receiver perception of individual variation or senders using identity signals. Primates frequently utilize current\u2010state signals including signals of intent to augment their interactions with familiar individuals. Badges of status are rare in primates, and the cases where they are used point to a functional and evolutionary trade\u2010off between badges of status and social knowledge. However, the nature of this relationship needs further exploration. Am. J. Primatol. 75:683\u2010694, 2013. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,12]],"date-time":"2012-12-12T09:27:01Z","timestamp":1355304421000},"page":"683-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Social Knowledge and Signals in Primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"THORE J.","family":"BERGMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan  Ann Arbor Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL J.","family":"SHEEHAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona  Tucson 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