{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1771259678477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>This study reports on impacts of illegal trade in owl monkeys (<jats:italic>Aotus nancymaae<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>A. vociferan<\/jats:italic>s) for the biomedical research market in the Colombian\u2010Peruvian Amazonian border. Through freedom of information requests and interviews with hunters we found that 912 owl monkeys, including<jats:italic>A. nancymaae<\/jats:italic>captured in Peru, were trapped over a 3\u2010month period in 2012 to supply a malaria research facility based in Leticia, Colombia, which had trapping permits for the use of only 800<jats:italic>A. vociferans<\/jats:italic>annually yet experimentation took place using<jats:italic>A. nancymaae<\/jats:italic>. High levels of extraction in Peru have had population\u2010level impacts with significantly lower densities of<jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic>spp. (3\u201324\u2009individuals\/km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) compared to Colombian sites with low hunting pressure (26\u201344\u2009individuals\/km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Post\u2010experimental release of this species in Colombian territory has created a new distribution whose status and impacts on resident populations of<jats:italic>A. vociferans<\/jats:italic>remain unknown. The trapping method has also had environmental impact, with loss of over 65,000 trees (including sleeping sites), annually. As<jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic>species are registered under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, international trade requires official permission and evidence that extraction does not impact wild populations. However, no official records exist and CITES legislation has failed, due principally to a lack of appropriate monitoring by national authorities responsible for compliance. Of further concern is that we had previously documented and reported the illegal trade to the appropriate governmental authorities yet still no action was taken\u2014as demonstrated by the continuing trade in 2013. Enforcement eventually occurred when a non\u2010governmental organization initiated legal action against organizations responsible. A successful second instance ruling by the Colombian State's Council in 2013 revoked trapping permits. Using the trade in owl monkeys as a case study we consider implementation, compliance, and enforcement of CITES in the border area to identify mechanisms to improve enforcement of environmental legislation. Am. J. Primatol. 76:658\u2013669, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]],"date-time":"2014-02-05T15:29:38Z","timestamp":1391614178000},"page":"658-669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Research and in situ conservation of owl monkeys enhances environmental law enforcement at the Colombian\u2010Peruvian border"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundacion Entropika Leticia Colombia"},{"name":"Asociacion Primatologica Colombiana Bogota Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika R.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350140407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-072405-5.50007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Caza y estado de conservaci\u00f3n de primates en la cuenca del r\u00edo Itaya, Loreto, Per\u00fa","volume":"15","author":"Aquino R","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista Peruana de Biolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"BakerLR.editor.2002. 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