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African apes (i.e., chimpanzees, bonobos, and to a lesser extent gorillas) show multi\u2010male mating behavior that could offer opportunities for STD transmission, yet little is known about the prevalence and impact of STDs in this endangered primate group. We used serology and PCR\u2010based detection methods to screen biological samples from wild and orphaned eastern chimpanzees and gorillas (N\u2009=\u2009172 individuals, including adults, and juveniles) for four classes of pathogens that either commonly cause human STDs or were previously detected in captive apes: trichomonads, <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> spp., <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic> (syphilis and yaws), and papillomaviruses. Based on results from prior modeling and comparative research, we expected STD prevalence to be highest in females versus males and in sexually mature versus immature individuals. All samples were negative for <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>, and papillomaviruses; however, a high percentage of wild chimpanzee urine and fecal samples showed evidence of trichomonads (protozoa). Analysis revealed that females were more likely than males to have positive urine\u2014but not fecal\u2014samples; however, there was no evidence of age (sexual maturity) differences in infection status. Sequence analysis of chimpanzee trichomonad samples revealed a close relationship to previously described trichomonads within the genus <jats:italic>Tetratrichomonas<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic comparisons to archived sequences from multiple vertebrate hosts suggests that many of the chimpanzee parasites from our study are likely transmitted via fecal\u2010oral contact, but the transmission of some <jats:italic>Tetratrichomonas<\/jats:italic> sequence\u2010types remains unknown and could include sexual contact. Our work emphasizes that only a fraction of infectious agents affecting wild apes are presently known to science, and that further work on great ape STDs could offer insights for the management of endangered great apes and for understanding human STD origins. Am. J. 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