{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:52:40Z","timestamp":1783723960024,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The evolutionary relationship between the base and face of the cranium is a major topic of interest in primatology. Such areas of the skull possibly respond to different selective pressures. Yet, they are often said to be tightly integrated. In this paper, we analyzed shape variability in the cranial base and the facial complex in Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea. We used a landmark\u2010based approach to single out the effects of size (evolutionary allometry), morphological integration, modularity, and phylogeny (under Brownian motion) on skull shape variability. Our results demonstrate that the cranial base and the facial complex exhibit different responses to different factors, which produces a little degree of morphological integration between them. Facial shape variation appears primarily influenced by body size and sexual dimorphism, whereas the cranial base is mostly influenced by functional factors. The different adaptations affecting the two modules suggest they are best studied as separate and independent units, and that\u2014at least when dealing with Catarrhines\u2014caution must be posed with the notion of strong cranial integration that is commonly invoked for the evolution of their skull shape.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]],"date-time":"2017-11-02T16:20:44Z","timestamp":1509639644000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The evolution of cranial base and face in Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea: Modularity and morphological integration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Profico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Piras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari, Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costantino","family":"Buzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Di Vincenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Lattarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Melchionna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse Universit\u00e0 di Napoli, Federico II Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences and Psychology John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Raia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse Universit\u00e0 di Napoli, Federico II Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Manzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-14-85"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.20251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-015-9317-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(02)00201-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0434-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"A geometric morphometric approach to airorhynchy and functional cranial morphology in Alouatta (Atelidae, Primates)","volume":"82","author":"Bruner E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-142X.2001.01042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"380","volume-title":"Statistical analysis of shape","author":"Dryden I. 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