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In species of nonhuman primates that form all\u2010male groups, it is still unclear how the tradeoffs between the benefits of forming an all\u2010male group and the cost of male\u2013male competition in seeking mating opportunities with females in bisexual groups influence social cohesion in different seasons. Here, we used social network analysis to quantify the impact of reproductive seasonality on social cohesion and clique size of bachelor males residing in an all\u2010male unit (AMU) in wild black\u2010and\u2010white snub\u2010nosed monkeys (\n                      <jats:italic>Rhinopithecus bieti<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). These primates are strict seasonal breeders and live in a modular social system composed of a number of one\u2010male units (OMUs) and an associated peripheral AMU. We found that the AMU social network had a significantly lower density, centralization, clustering coefficient, and smaller clique size during the mating season compared to the non\u2010mating period. However, aggression among AMU males during both mating and non\u2010mating periods was low. Our results suggest that network structure topology in male same\u2010sex social units is modulated by seasonal changes. Bachelor males engage in two types of competition to gain reproductive success: first, which is analogous to contest competition, in which bachelor males act aggressively and challenge OMU leader males in an attempt to take over an OMU; and second, which is more analogous to scramble competition, in which bachelor males avoid aggressive interactions and instead engage in sneaky copulations with fertile females. Our work adds to an understanding of the maintenance of all\u2010male groups in species that form a multilevel society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T10:40:26Z","timestamp":1539254426000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Seasonal changes in social cohesion among males in a same\u2010sex primate group"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Pingfen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chaoyang District Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril C.","family":"Grueter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Perth Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0053-8356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Garber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Illinois Urbana Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation [Ministry of Education] China West Normal University Nanchong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuofu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Technology Central South University of Forestry and Technology Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chaoyang District Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5689-6270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chaoyang District Beijing China"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-009-0725-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02192785"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Ucinet for Windows: software for social network analysis","author":"Borgatti S. 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