{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:38:32Z","timestamp":1762177112073,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"PMDSU Research Grant and PKPI 2016 by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The wild population of spectral tarsier is declining and attempts to breed the species in captivity have been of limited success. One possible reason for this is that information on the reproductive biology of <jats:italic>Tarsius tarsier<\/jats:italic> is extremely limited and data on the species reproductive physiology are completely lacking. We validated fecal estrogen (E\u2010total) and progesterone metabolite (5\u2010P\u20103OH) measurements for monitoring female ovarian activity and pregnancy. We used this approach to provide the first data on cycle and pregnancy length based on endocrine information in this species. We collected regular fecal samples in combination with observations on socio\u2010sexual behaviors for a maximum of 15 months from three females maintained at Primate Research Center of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Hormonal profiles indicated that behavioral estrus was associated with marked elevations in fecal E\u2010total concentrations followed by increases in 5\u2010P\u20103OH levels indicating luteal function. Pregnancy was characterized by low levels of E\u2010total and 5\u2010P\u20103OH during the first month and markedly rising concentrations thereafter. An ovarian cycle length of 21.7\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7 days was found. Gestation length was 128d (live infant), 131d (stillbirth), and 164d (death of mother and infant due to dystocia). Despite the small sample size, the study demonstrates the overall validity of fecal sex hormone metabolite measurements for reproductive monitoring in female <jats:italic>T. tarsier<\/jats:italic>, as such, the methods described here may ultimately help to improve the breeding management of the species in captivity. They may also offer new opportunities for investigating basic questions of tarsier reproductive biology in the wild by using fecal hormone metabolite analysis to diagnose pregnant animals and determine reproductive rates in relation to ecological and other factors influencing tarsier reproduction. Thus, non\u2010invasive assessment of female reproductive condition as described here may ultimately contribute to facilitate in and ex situ conservation efforts of this endangered primate species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:04:37Z","timestamp":1537178677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessing female reproductive status of spectral tarsier (<i>Tarsius tarsier<\/i>) using fecal steroid hormone metabolite analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7812-8368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanik","family":"Hidayatik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primatology Study Program Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Agil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproductive Clinic and Pathology Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Heistermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Laboratory German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Entang","family":"Iskandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primatology Study Program Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"},{"name":"Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuty L.","family":"Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primatology Study Program Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproductive Clinic and Pathology Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dondin","family":"Sajuthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primatology Study Program Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Reproductive Clinic and Pathology Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"},{"name":"Primate Research Center Bogor Agricultural University Bogor Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods","year":"1974","author":"Altmann J.","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:4<285::AID-AJP2>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650100391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.10043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1374784"},{"volume-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","year":"2003","author":"Cohen J.","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2010.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2004.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7287"},{"volume-title":"Primates adaptation and evolution","year":"2013","author":"Fleagle J. 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