{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:57:48Z","timestamp":1791651468176,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]],"date-time":"2020-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006692","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, composed of multiple distinct acoustic units, which can vary in their degree of stereotypy. Studies of sequence variation may contribute to our understanding of the structural flexibility of primates' songs, which can provide essential ecological and behavioral information about variability at the individual, population, and specific level and provide insights into the mechanisms and drivers responsible for the evolutionary change of communicative traits. Several methods have been used for investigating different levels of structural information and sequence similarity in acoustic displays. We studied intra and interindividual variation in the song structuring of a singing primate, the indri (<jats:italic>Indri indri<\/jats:italic>), which inhabits the montane rain forests of Madagascar. Indri groups emit duets and choruses in which they combine long notes, short single units, and phrases consisting of a variable number of units (from two to six) with slightly descending frequency. Males' and females' contributions to the song differ in the temporal and frequency structure of song units and repertoire size. We calculated the similarity of phrase organization across different individual contributions using the Levenshtein distance, a logic distance that expressed the minimum cost to convert a sequence into another and can measure differences between two sequences of data. We then analyzed the degree of similarity within and between individuals and found that: (a) the phrase structure of songs varied between reproductive males and females: female structuring of the song showed a higher number of phrases if compared to males; (b) male contributions to the song were overall more similar to those of other males than were female contributions to the song of other females; (c) male contributions were more stereotyped than female contributions, which showed greater individual flexibility. The picture emerging from phrase combinatorics in the indris is in agreement with previous findings of rhythmic features and song repertoire size of the indris, which also suggested that female songs are potentially less stereotyped than those of males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]],"date-time":"2020-04-11T11:38:36Z","timestamp":1586605116000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sexually dimorphic phrase organization in the song of the indris (<i>Indri indri<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-5617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Zanoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-6181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"De Gregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6086-5135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6908-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bonadonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose Marie","family":"Randrianarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe d'\u00c9tude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP)  Antananarivo Madagascar"},{"name":"Mention d'Anthropobiologie et de D\u00e9veloppement Durable (MADD) Universit\u00e9 d'Antananarivo  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8429-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Giacoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-2242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974X00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Boersma P. &Weenink D.(2005).Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-013-0376-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24750263.2017.1318184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-019-00127-5","article-title":"Intra\u2010and intergroup spatial dynamics of a pair\u2010living singing primate, Indri indri: A multiannual study of three Indri groups in Maromizaha Forest, Madagascar","volume":"41","author":"Bonadonna G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Principles of animal communication","author":"Bradbury J. W.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853991X00319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1996.tb01125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoy058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Primate communication","author":"Deputte B. L.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Acoustic Communication in Birds","author":"Farabaugh S. M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09524622.2011.9753649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-012-9635-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-010-9412-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853900502330"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954394504163023"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume":"1","author":"Gmelin J. F.","year":"1788","journal-title":"Systema natur\u00e6: per Regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonomis, locis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522072113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2015.00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"Heeringa W. J.(2004). Measuring dialect pronunciation differences using Levenshtein distance (Doctoral dissertation University Library Groningen)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853998793066438"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.16.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(85)90061-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4734237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00048036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0258"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Not just a pretty song: An overview of the vocal repertoire of Indri indri","volume":"88","author":"Maretti G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Anthropological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80036-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.193.4249.235"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Package \u2018vegan\u2019","volume":"2","author":"Oksanen J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Ecology Package, Version"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"Pollock J. I.(1975).The social behaviour and ecology of Indri indri(Doctoral dissertation University of London)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02736391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2019.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arl070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8770-9_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59478-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4511-1_35"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01772.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02192772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11250003.2013.845261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10656-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853906775900685"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9050243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2014-011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","unstructured":"Wei T. &Simko V.(2017).R package \u201ccorrplot\u201d: Visualization of a Correlation Matrix.https:\/\/github.com\/taiyun\/corrplot"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.2014.0064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","first-page":"e27917v1","article-title":"Sex dimorphic phrase combinatorics in the song of the indris (Indri indri)","volume":"7","author":"Zanoli A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ Preprints"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Primatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fajp.23132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.23132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ajp.23132","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.23132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T01:19:06Z","timestamp":1693963146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajp.23132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajp.23132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23132","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-2565","1098-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-2565","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e23132"}}