{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1774437387363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> sp., a cestode known to infect a variety of hosts, including nonhuman primates and humans, was identified in Paraguay as early as 1895, but no systematic analysis of wild primates\u2019 gastrointestinal parasites has ever been carried out in Paraguay. Increased urbanization in southwest Paraguay has pushed the Paraguayan howler monkey (<jats:italic>Alouatta<\/jats:italic> caraya) into anthropogenic habitats, particularly in the city of Pilar (\u00d1eembuc\u00fa department), giving rise to greater potential for zoonotic transmission between wild primates and humans. From July to December 2018, fecal samples were noninvasively collected from 48 howlers inside Pilar (urban environment), the Pilar Military Base (intermediate environment), and a ranch 27\u2009km outside Pilar in the humid Chaco (natural environment) and analyzed for <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> eggs and proglottids using macro\u2010analysis and formol\u2010ether sedimentation. Howlers living in the urban environment had the highest rates of <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> infection (50% prevalence), with considerably lower infection rates in the intermediate environment (6.25% prevalence) and natural habitats (0% prevalence). A <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> goodness\u2010of\u2010fit test indicated a significant difference between the three habitat types (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.007, <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200910.005, <jats:italic>df<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092). While\u00a0the habitat seems to impact the frequency of infection, <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> was not observed to select for other factors such as age or sex of the primate host. Here we identified a significant increase in the frequency of <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> infection in an urban environment, which can then be further transmitted to new hosts with more direct primate contact. <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> infection has already been documented in humans in Paraguay, all of which were associated with close primate contact. As howlers move into more urban habitats due to urbanization and habitat fragmentation, <jats:italic>Bertiella<\/jats:italic> could be introduced into this new ecosystem and has the potential to cause further infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T07:54:26Z","timestamp":1593417266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Bertiella<\/i> sp. (Meyner, 1895) infection of <i>Alouatta caraya<\/i> (Humboldt, 1812) in urban and natural environments in \u00d1eembuc\u00fa, southwest Paraguay"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4917-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Kane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Para La Tierra Centro IDEAL  Pilar Paraguay"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0278-9071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Para La Tierra Centro IDEAL  Pilar Paraguay"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen  Aberdeen Scotland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The occurrence of Bertiella in man, monkey and dog in the Philippines","volume":"56","author":"Africa C. 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