{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T09:59:29Z","timestamp":1768125569570,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]],"date-time":"2021-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1521528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1521528"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006926","name":"Hunter College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006926","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respiratory illnesses, including COVID\u201019, present a serious threat to endangered wild chimpanzee (<jats:italic>Pan troglodytes<\/jats:italic>) populations. In some parts of sub\u2010Saharan Africa, chimpanzee tracking is a popular tourism activity, offering visitors a chance to view apes in their natural habitats. Chimpanzee tourism is an important source of revenue and thus benefits conservation; however, chimpanzee tracking may also increase the risk of disease transmission from people to chimpanzees directly (e.g., via aerosol transmission) or indirectly (e.g., through the environment or via fomites). This study assessed how tourist behaviors might facilitate respiratory disease transmission at a chimpanzee tracking site in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We observed tourists, guides, and student interns from the time they entered the forest to view the chimpanzees until they left the forest and noted behaviors related to disease transmission. Common behaviors included coughing, sneezing, and urinating, which respectively occurred during 88.1%, 65.4%, and 36.6% of excursions. Per excursion, individuals touched their faces an average of 125.84\u2009\u00b1\u200934.45 times and touched large tree trunks or branches (which chimpanzees might subsequently touch) an average of 230.14\u2009\u00b1\u2009108.66 times. These results show that many pathways exist by which pathogens might move from humans to chimpanzees in the context of tourism. Guidelines for minimizing the risk of such transmission should consider tourist behavior and the full range of modes by which pathogen transmission might occur between tourists and chimpanzees.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T10:34:28Z","timestamp":1609929268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Opportunities for respiratory disease transmission from people to chimpanzees at an East African tourism site"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6212-7152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darcey B.","family":"Glasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Animal Behavior and Conservation Hunter College of the City University of New York  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3962-4913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tony L.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Guma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Wildlife Authority  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Balyesiima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Wildlife Authority  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Wildlife Authority  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simplicious J.","family":"Gessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Wildlife Authority  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Rothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Wildlife Authority  Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York  New York City New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"A comprehensive review of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2","volume":"12","author":"Baek W. 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Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.internationalprimatologicalsociety.org\/docs\/Final%20-%20SARS%20CoV-2%20and%20Great%20Apes%20Joint%20Communique%2016-05-20.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20565"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995052.0105"},{"issue":"641","key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","article-title":"Comparative ACE2 variation and primate COVID\u201019 risk","volume":"3","author":"Melin A. 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