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There are few empirical methods capable of detecting and timing physiologically impactful events such as weaning, parturition and illnesses from hard tissue remains of either extant or extinct species. Cementum is an incremental tissue with post eruption annual periodicity, which covers the tooth root and functions as a recording structure of an animal's physiology. Here we test the hypothesis that it is possible to detect and time physiologically impactful events through the analysis of dental cementum microstructure. Our sample comprises 41 permanent and deciduous teeth from male and female rhesus macaques <jats:italic>(Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>) with known medical, lifestyle and life history information. We develop a semi\u2010automated method of cementum histological analysis for the purpose of event detection and timing, aimed at significantly reducing the amount of intra\u2010 and interobserver errors typically associated with histological analyses. The results of our work show that we were able to detect known events including weaning, parturition, illness and physical trauma with high accuracy (false negative rate\u2009=\u20093.2%; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), and to time them within an average absolute difference of 0.43 years (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u2009.98; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Nonetheless, we could not distinguish between the several types of stressful events underlying the changes in cementum microstructure. While this study is the first to identify a variety of life history events in macaque dental cementum, laying foundations for future work in conservation and evolutionary studies of both primates and toothed mammals at large, there are some limitations. Other types of analyses (possibly chemical ones) are necessary to tease apart the causes of the stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T02:43:39Z","timestamp":1612233819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Weaning, parturitions and illnesses are recorded in rhesus macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>) dental cementum microstructure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"83","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7015-8378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Cerrito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology New York University College of Dentistry New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Cerrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7040-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology New York University College of Dentistry New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4626-9262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shara E.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology New York University New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7765-2352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Kalisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9843-7993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Bromage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology New York University College of Dentistry New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1095-8312.2002.00045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1468-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rate and growth pattern of cementum apposition as compared to dentine and root formation in a fluorochrome\u2010labelled monkey (Macaca fascicularis)","volume":"17","author":"Bosshardt D.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal de Biologie Buccale"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1990.tb01690.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318773"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542343"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3872703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62177-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Cerrito P. 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