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In wild nonhuman primates, it is challenging to differentiate plant use as part of the diet or as medication, especially because self\u2010medication can be preventive or therapeutic. Here, we aimed to compile the available potential evidence on primate self\u2010medication modes, investigating which proposed requirements are fulfilled for each plant species reported to date. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature on plant use for potential self\u2010medication in wild nonhuman primates. To construct the extensive database, we extracted data on the primate species, study area, plant\/plant's part used, the requirement(s) met for demonstrating self\u2010medication modes, and self\u2010medicative behavioral patterns. We also updated available information on plant's biological compounds and\/or physical characteristics, pharmacological properties, and ethnomedical uses. We identified 575 plant species (135 families), used by 25 primate species (9 families). Plants were used by Old World monkeys (46.5%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009268 plant species), followed by apes (41%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009235), New World monkeys (13.4%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200977), and prosimians (1%, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20096). We found three general types of self\u2010medicative behaviors: ingestion (including, but not limited to, leaf\u2010swallowing, seed\u2010swallowing, and bitter pith chewing), topical (fur\u2010rubbing), and nest fumigation. Plant uses were associated with antiparasitic, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti\u2010inflammatory, insect repellent, among other properties. Self\u2010medication is widespread in nonhuman primate species across Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Long\u2010term field research efforts and studies integrating different research sites and topics are urgent to advance our knowledge into the evolution of plant selection, medical traditions, and to bring insights into potentially novel medicinal plants and bioactive compounds to treat emergent or established primate and human diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T06:30:44Z","timestamp":1664865044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Self\u2010medication in nonhuman primates: A systematic evaluation of the possible function of the use of medicinal plants"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4137-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"De la Fuente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Etologia Te\u00f3rica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal Rural de\u00a0Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Etologia, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias, Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal de\u00a0Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulysses P.","family":"Albuquerque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o de Sistemas Socioecol\u00f3gicos, Centro de Bioci\u00eancias Universidade Federal de\u00a0Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2454-0912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Schiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Etologia Te\u00f3rica e Aplicada, Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal Rural de\u00a0Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-020-00302-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1996)38:3<263::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22610"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114599000501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-002-0008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2012.01858.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14989\/68214"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","volume-title":"Wild health: How animals keep themselves well and what we can learn from them","author":"Engel C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024419522867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112823"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Fur\u2010rubbing with plant exudates in wild golden\u2010headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas)","volume":"71","author":"Guidorizzi C. 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