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In the case of ectoparasites, which are exposed to the environment beyond the host, an impact of climate, expressed by seasonal or yearly variations, can be expected. However, long\u2010term dynamics of ectoparasite infestations are rarely studied in nonhuman primates. We investigated the yearly variations in ectoparasite infestations of two small primates, the gray (<jats:italic>Microcebus murinus<\/jats:italic>) and the golden\u2010brown (<jats:italic>Microcebus ravelobensis<\/jats:italic>) mouse lemur. For a more comprehensive evaluation, we also analyzed the potential effects of yearly and monthly climatic variation (temperature, rainfall) in addition to habitat, host sex, age, species, and body mass, on ectoparasite infestation. Individuals of both host species were sampled in two study sites within the Ankarafantsika National Park in northwestern Madagascar during several months (March\u2013November) and across 4 years (2010, 2011, 2015, 2016). Our results show significant monthly and yearly variations in the infestation rates of three native ectoparasite taxa (<jats:italic>Haemaphysalis<\/jats:italic> spp. ticks, <jats:italic>Schoutedenichia microcebi<\/jats:italic> chigger mites, <jats:italic>Lemurpediculus<\/jats:italic> spp. sucking lice) and in ectoparasite species richness in both mouse lemur species. In addition, significant impacts of several host\u2010related (species, sex, body mass) and environmental factors (habitat, temperature, rainfall) were found, but with differences in relevance for the different parasite taxa and partly deviating in their direction. Although some differences could be attributed to either permanent or temporary presence of the parasites on the host or to ecological differences between the host species, the lack of specific knowledge regarding the life cycle and microhabitat requirements of each parasite taxon precludes a complete understanding of the factors that determine their infestation dynamics. This study demonstrates the presence of yearly and monthly dynamics in lemur\u2013parasite interactions in tropical, seasonal, dry deciduous forests in Madagascar, which call out for broad ecological long\u2010term studies focusing both on primate hosts and their parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T17:40:42Z","timestamp":1682012442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Host\u2010related and environmental factors influence long\u2010term ectoparasite infestation dynamics of mouse lemurs in northwestern Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Caterina","family":"Marqu\u00e8s Gomila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Kiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling  Stirling Scotland UK"},{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Zohdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment and College of Veterinary Sciences Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romule","family":"Rakotondravony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Doctorale Ecosyst\u00e8mes Naturels (EDEN) University of Mahajanga Mahajanga Madagascar"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, de Technologies et de l'Environnement University of Mahajanga Mahajanga Madagascar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lance A.","family":"Durden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Georgia Southern University Statesboro Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0814-2404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Radespiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1673\/031.009.4601"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2002.250110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Barton K.(2020). 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