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In recent years, the advancement of noncontact measurement technology has gained momentum in capturing physiological activities in natural settings. This technology is anticipated to be found not only in humans but also in nonhuman primates. Currently, the predominant noncontact approach for nonhuman animals involves measuring vital signs through subtle variations in skin color. However, this approach is limited when addressing areas of the body covered with hair or when working in outdoor settings under fluctuating sunlight. To overcome this issue, we focused on noncontact respiratory measurements using millimeter\u2010wave radar. Millimeter\u2010wave radar systems, which employ millimeter waves that can penetrate animal fur and estimate respiration\u2010derived periodic body motion, exhibit minimal susceptibility to sunlight interference. Thus, this method shows potential for conducting noncontact vital measurements in natural and outdoor settings. In this study, we validated a millimeter\u2010wave radar methodology for capturing respiration in outdoor\u2010housed rhesus macaques (\n                    <jats:italic>Macaca mulatta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The radar was positioned beyond the captive enclosure and maintained at a distance &gt;5\u2009m from the target. Millimeter waves were transmitted to the target, and the reflected waves were used to estimate skin surface displacement associated with respiration. The results revealed periodic skin surface displacement, and the estimated respiratory rates weres within the reported range of respiratory rates for rhesus macaques. These results suggest the potential applicability of millimeter\u2010wave radar for noncontact respiration monitoring in outdoor\u2010living macaques without anesthesia or immobilization. The continued advancement of noncontact vital measurement technology will contribute to understanding primate mental and physical dynamics during their daily life.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T23:59:00Z","timestamp":1719878340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Outdoor noncontact respiratory measurements of unrestricted rhesus macaques (\n                    <i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>\n                    ) using millimeter\u2010wave radar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5476-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiki","family":"Minami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Sanematsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4307-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itsuki","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masako","family":"Myowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19245445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.113.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19227\/jzar.v8i3.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-119301-0.50007-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32153-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The laboratory nonhuman primate","author":"Fortman J. 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