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We focused on bared\u2010teeth faces (BTFs), a highly versatile facial expression in the tolerant macaque <jats:italic>Macaca tonkeana<\/jats:italic>. By employing a diverse array of techniques (MaqFACS, unsupervised cluster analysis, Levenshtein distance, NetFACS), we quantitatively discriminated two distinct BTFs: bared\u2010teeth (BT) and open mouth bared\u2010teeth (OMBT), and evaluated their distribution across peaceful, playful, and agonistic contexts. Neither BT nor OMBT were context\u2010specific, although BT frequently occurred during peaceful interactions and with low levels of stereotypy. OMBT was highly stereotyped during play, a context involving strong unpredictability. The presence of tongue\u2010protrusion during OMBT was exclusive to peaceful contexts whereas the presence of glabella\u2010lowering during BT and OMBT was specific to agonistic contexts. Hence, BT and OMBT per se are not context\u2010specific, but their contextual relevance hinges on the inclusion of specific key elements. Moving forward, concurrent analyses of stereotypy and specificity should extend beyond our study to encompass other primate and non\u2010primate species, facilitating direct comparisons and revealing how communicative and social complexity coevolve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]],"date-time":"2024-11-17T05:34:31Z","timestamp":1731821671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Teeth Baring as a Model to Understand Complex Facial Signals in a Tolerant Macaque Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6631-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Maglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00f2","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-9556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Scopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences University of Parma Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7018-5966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Pallante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Lorenzo","family":"Loprete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2038-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Palagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Unit of Ethology, University of Pisa Pisa Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853974x00534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoab092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(94)90032-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245117"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1411.4911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman P. andW. 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