{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:18:09Z","timestamp":1783358289582,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the anatomical factors potentially involved in the high incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in humans, we have quantified the anatomical variations of the carpal tunnel and its inner structures in humans, non\u2010hominoid primates (monkeys), and hominoid primates (apes). In specimens of six humans, eight monkeys, and three apes, we assessed the size of the carpal tunnel, the tendons of the digit flexor muscles, and the median nerve. We compared the size of the carpal tunnel normalized by the wrist size, and the size of the median nerve and the tendons of the digit flexors normalized by the size of the carpal tunnel. Differences between humans and monkeys were calculated using the <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic> test or Mann\u2013Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> test, as appropriate. Data on the apes were not included in the statistical analyses due to the small sample size. The normalized size of the carpal tunnel was similar in all specimens. The normalized size of the tendons of the digit flexors was smaller in humans, while that of the median nerve was significantly larger. The median nerve was also larger in apes than in monkeys. The relatively larger median nerve observed in humans could suggest a greater vulnerability of the nerve to compression, which could predispose humans to carpal tunnel syndrome. However, the tendons of the digit flexor muscles were smaller in humans, and moreover, the proportional size of the median nerve was similar in apes, leading us to suggest that the factors predisposing humans to carpal tunnel syndrome must be sought beyond anatomical features and may be more closely related to functional or personal parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T04:20:40Z","timestamp":1732076440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of the Carpal Tunnel and Its Inner Structures in Primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroa","family":"Casado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neus","family":"Ciurana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escola Universit\u00e0ria Gimbernat Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Radiology University of Valladolid Valladolid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josep Maria","family":"Potau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Faculty of Geography and History University of Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image Processing With ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"Abramoff M. D.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics International"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy","author":"Aiello L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reaction in the Tissues of the Carpal Tunnel After Repeated Contractions of the Muscles Innervated by the Median Nerve","volume":"9","author":"Andersson A.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Aroori S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ulster Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00086-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154193120004403051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.2.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00201-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in General Practice (1987 and 2001): Incidence and the Role of Occupational and Non\u2010Occupational Factors","volume":"57","author":"Bongers F. J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2006.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10103488"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089771503322144590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.5.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.23.3110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01448.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","volume-title":"Gray: Anatom\u00eda para estudiantes","author":"Drake R. L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119828075.ch35"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199608)100:4<585::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199709)104:1<105::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.46.3.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","volume-title":"The Wrist Joint: Orthopedics of the Upper and Lower Limb","author":"Iyer K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6739a4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200906000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2009.00986.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3646-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19921101-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217425"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Functional Morphology of the Evolving Hand and Foot","author":"Lewis O. J.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198408000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Nerves and Nerve Injuries","author":"Martinez\u2010Pereira M. A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01109.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"88","article-title":"An Alternative Method for Determination of the Carpal Height Ratio","volume":"76","author":"Nattrass G. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-198711000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-005-0136-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-012-0309-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kql125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.24972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.063107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JWH.0000000000000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","volume-title":"Essential Clinically Applied Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System in the Limbs","author":"Rea P.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330970408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02737381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24453"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2015.1114141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00528-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1999.00340.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.1.134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330500408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330370210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051280304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10185"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","volume-title":"Ape Anatomy and Evolution","author":"Zihlman A. L.","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Primatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ajp.23700","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:36:22Z","timestamp":1760700982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ajp.23700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ajp.23700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajp.23700","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-2565","1098-2345"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-2565","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2345","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e23700"}}