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Demographic and familial information is also tracked and collated for the majority of monkeys. Thus, the health history of rhesus macaques at Cayo Santiago should reflect the impacts of both environmental and genetic factors. In this study, we utilized a sample of skeletal remains comprised of 2787 individuals (1571 females, 1091 males), born between 1938 and 2017 from the derived skeletal collection of the primate colony to assess variation in survivorship, pathology, bone mineral density (BMD), and dental eruption status, in the context of hurricane impacts, nutritional fluctuations, and matriline genealogy. Results demonstrated that rhesus macaques at Cayo Santiago exhibit a range of skeletal pathologies that encompass biomedical and archaeological significance, multiple etiologies, severities, locations, and types, in addition to a secular trend of declining BMD that is hypothesized to reflect decreasing physical activity levels under increasing population densities. Specifically, hurricane impacts were found to increase the rate of systemic disease, decrease BMD in young adults, and delay eruption of the primary dentition. Certain matrilines exhibited heightened levels of systemic disease at early ages while others exhibited greater rates of congenital disease. Early\u2010life adversity, through the experience of major hurricanes, may enhance inflammatory pathways, heightening the risk of disease and accelerating the aging process leading to reduced BMD. Such impacts may underly greater levels of observed infection post\u2010hurricane through intensification of pathogen transmission and disease rates brought on by hurricane\u2010adaptive social strategies that favor closer proximity. Familial susceptibility to disease indicates heritable host genetic factors are likely influencing disease patterning in the population. A cluster of congenital diseases may most convincingly illustrate this, or alternatively reflects low levels of genetic diversity in the population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T01:24:36Z","timestamp":1736299476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["History of Health at Cayo Santiago\u2014An Investigation of Environmental and Genetic Influences on the Skeletal Remains of the Introduced Rhesus Macaque (<i>Macaca mulatta<\/i>) Colony"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College of Dentistry Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College of Dentistry Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z95-231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1212(200005\/06)10:3<189::AID-OA521>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.176392"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"716","article-title":"Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Ankylosing Spondylitis","volume":"5","author":"Arora P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12936"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/8756-3282(96)00047-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000082450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-019-00084-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381613"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350240104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07925-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"519","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Incidence of Non\u2010Metrical Skeletal Variants","volume":"120","author":"Berry A. 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