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The expansion of road networks threatens chimpanzee populations across Africa. Studying their road\u2010crossing behavior, especially outside protected areas where road impacts are greatest, helps identify factors influencing their choices and flexibility. This study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of how chimpanzees navigate busy roads and assess the danger posed by roads. Such insights are needed to develop effective conservation strategies in regions facing escalating human impact, including recommendations for the design and management of traffic on existing and future roads. Using a dataset of 129 video\u2010recorded road crossings spanning 38 months, we analyzed the behavioral adjustments of chimpanzees in Bulindi, Uganda, when crossing a recently paved, busy main road within their home range. Using generalized linear mixed models, we investigated chimpanzee risk perception, protective and cooperative behaviors, vigilance, and progression order during road crossings. We identified variations in their behavior according to age\u2010sex of individuals, group composition, and level of risk. We found that Bulindi chimpanzees exhibit behavioral strategies to reduce risks of collision or close encounters with humans on the road, as previously described. However, they were less vigilant than expected. We suggest that the chimpanzees have developed tolerance of the risks presented by the road, owing to their long history of crossing it before it was tarmacked and widened, and their familiarity with local people and motor traffic. Our results provide further evidence of the flexibility of wild chimpanzees. However, road crossings remain highly risky for large mammals like great apes, necessitating measures to mitigate the impact of road development on this and other endangered species (e.g. speed bumps, police enforcement, public awareness raising).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T01:56:19Z","timestamp":1739238979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Running the Risk: Road\u2010Crossing Behavior in Wild Chimpanzees (\n                    <i>Pan troglodytes<\/i>\n                    ) in an Anthropogenic Habitat in Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2592-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Tellier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oniris \u2010 Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de Nantes, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes France"},{"name":"Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project Hoima Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9680-6401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Druelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7268 ADES, Aix\u2010Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, EFS Marseille France"},{"name":"Functional Morphology Laboratory University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8652-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Cibot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project Hoima Uganda"},{"name":"Sol\u00e2me Lorient France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnmary","family":"Baruzaliire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project Hoima Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Sabiiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project Hoima Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"McLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bulindi Chimpanzee and Community Project Hoima Uganda"},{"name":"Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Oxford Brookes University Oxford 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