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Here we use a large data set of drinking behaviors spanning 14 years of observation from the Kanyawara community of chimpanzees living in Kibale National Park, Uganda, to test two possible functions of leaf\u2010sponges and other drinking tools. On the one hand, chimpanzees may use tools to access water that is hard to reach, which predicts that chimpanzees will preferentially use tools to drink at tree holes and crevices compared to all other locations. Conversely, chimpanzees may use these tools to filter stagnant water, in which case they would use tools more often at holes and puddles compared to running water sources (e.g., streams). We compared both likelihood of using a tool to drink at different locations, as well as overall rates of drinking, and found chimpanzees in this community most often drink from streams without tools. However, when they do use tools, they preferentially do so to drink at tree holes. Given known age and sex effects on tool use in chimpanzees, we also examined demographic variation in drinking tool use to understand the emergence of this behavior. While females use tools more often than males overall\u2014in part driven by differences in drinking rates at different locations\u2014both males and females use tools more frequently at tree holes than other locations when they do drink there. Finally, comparisons by age indicate that this selectivity strengthens over development with older chimpanzees showing a more pronounced effect of using tools more often at tree holes, suggesting that younger chimpanzees may exhibit exploratory tool use behavior. These results pinpoint the specific function of tool use during drinking and further suggest that even simple tools may require learning for use in appropriate contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]],"date-time":"2025-04-20T16:44:36Z","timestamp":1745167476000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Wild Chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii<\/i>) Use Tools to Access Out of Reach Water"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Charlie","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Tufts University Medford MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Skylar","family":"Brodnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Felsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Cultural Psychology Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Sabbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Tufts University Medford MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Otali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kibale Chimpanzee Project Kibale National Park Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0435-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Wrangham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6906-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra G.","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7060-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zarin P.","family":"Machanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Tufts University Medford MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Tufts University Medford MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Water, Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Aframomum melegueta","volume":"3","author":"Alo M. 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