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We then use the concept of the \u201cstructure\u2010function interface\u201d and draw from our own research on macaques to provide two examples of possible behavioral adaptations and their corresponding by\u2010products, both of which are maintained via the proximate mechanisms of cultural processes and pleasurable feedback. These two behavioral by\u2010products are female homosexual mounts and object play, and their putative functional counterparts are female\u2010to\u2010male mounts and tool use, respectively. We provide empirical evidence from the structural analysis of behavior to support our contentions that some non\u2010conceptive sex cultures may neutrally drift from behavioral adaptations to by\u2010products and that some object play cultures may exaptively afford tool use. Our approach dovetails with, and expands upon, a pluralistic perspective on evolutionary theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:24:44Z","timestamp":1784179484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Valuing Behavioral By\u2010Products: Evolutionary Significance of Neutrally Drifting and Exaptive Cultures in Primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2371-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Baptiste","family":"Leca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada"},{"name":"School of Natural and Engineering Sciences National Institute of Advanced Studies Bangalore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00eblle","family":"Gunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Vasey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Lethbridge Lethbridge Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2115-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Sri Jayewardenepura Nugegoda Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616660110049609"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712315611188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139057691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(79)90013-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Behavioral Development: The Bielefeld Interdisciplinary Project","author":"Bekoff M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0408"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Oxford Handbook of Play","author":"Bjorklund D. 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