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Modern zoos play an essential role by maintaining viable populations and improving welfare through research\u2010driven management. However, gut\u2013microbiome interactions in captive primates remain poorly understood. Our study investigated how host\u2010specific traits influence fecal microbiota composition, whether shared environments facilitate shared microbial signatures, and whether fluctuations in fecal cortisol and testosterone correspond to microbial changes. We also evaluated the combined use of hormonal and microbiota analyses as a noninvasive tool to support welfare and health monitoring in zoo\u2010housed\n                    <jats:italic>Hapalemur alaotrensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We monitored 4 groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20098) housed across 4 European facilities, yielding 180 fecal samples across 3 collection phases. We characterized microbial communities through 16S rRNA gene sequencing following DNA extraction and quality checks, and quantified hormone metabolites using ELISA kits. We performed statistical analyses to evaluate the effects of facility, collection phase, and host\u2010specific traits on microbiota composition and hormone concentrations. Microbiota profiling revealed diverse bacterial communities, with facility\u2010associated differences representing the strongest and most consistent pattern, while effects of sex and scent enrichment were weak and inconsistent. Hormone concentrations did not vary across collection phases, although cortisol differed among facilities. No significant associations between hormone concentrations and microbiota profiles were detected. Given the small sample size, these findings should be considered exploratory, providing initial evidence of facility\u2010associated microbiome variation in zoo\u2010housed\n                    <jats:italic>H. alaotrensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Larger studies are needed to investigate its potential drivers and evaluate whether combined microbiome and endocrine assessments may contribute to primate welfare monitoring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:53:22Z","timestamp":1787759602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbial Variability in Zoo\u2010Housed Alaotran Gentle Lemurs: Host\u2010Associated Factors and Environmental Influences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9338-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Fontani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour &amp; Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Pharmacy &amp; Life Sciences University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3853-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"Cerasuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3608-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"D'Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Renzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Allschwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gale","family":"Glendewar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust \u2010 Jersey Zoo, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust \u2010 Jersey Zoo, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duccio","family":"Cavalieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0885-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Vaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Behaviour &amp; Wildlife Conservation Group, School of Pharmacy &amp; Life Sciences University of Wolverhampton Wolverhampton UK"},{"name":"University College \u2013 The Castle Durham University Durham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0036466"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2022.999001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ISMEJ.2013.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/SPECTRUM.01643-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2023.1113617"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Morbidity of Alaotran Gentle Lemurs (Hapalemur alaotrensis) at Durrell Wildlife Park (1990\u20132014)","volume":"27","author":"Barbon A. 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