{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:54:59Z","timestamp":1790679299392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["American J Primatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Madagascar's endangered, endemic primates represent 21% of global primate species. Among them, the Critically Endangered diademed sifaka (\n                    <jats:italic>Propithecus diadema<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and black\u2010and\u2010white ruffed lemur (\n                    <jats:italic>Varecia variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) have overlapping ranges and are considered umbrella and flagship species. This review synthesizes the available research for both species to assess research gaps and ecological variability across their distributions amid ongoing conservation challenges. We identified 182 studies (1987\u20132024) from which we compiled data about research focus, study sites, and\u00a0socioecological characteristics (home range size, daily path length, population density, and diet composition) and conducted a narrative and quantitative synthesis to compare species' behavioral ecology across disturbed and undisturbed sites. Studies predominantly focused on behavioral ecology and spanned 86 sites within 44 larger geographic areas. Of these study areas, 67% were considered disturbed. Studies in unprotected areas comprised over 20% of the research effort for each species; among protected areas,\n                    <jats:italic>P. diadema<\/jats:italic>\n                    was more frequently studied in areas with lower protection status than\n                    <jats:italic>V. variegata<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Nearly half of studies involved one long\u2010term research site for each species, highlighting the contributions of long\u2010term studies but uneven coverage across species' distributions. Ranging behavior and diet were site\u2010specific and more influenced by local and geographic characteristics than disturbance. We found limited dietary overlap between species. Our synthesis underscores both species' ecological flexibility, a possible key to long\u2010term survival, and cautions against broad species generalizations based on a few well\u2010studied sites. We emphasize the need for research in less\u2010studied, conservation priority areas to augment ecological comparisons and maintain population reservoirs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:21:20Z","timestamp":1790666480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis of Socioecological Variability in Diademed Sifaka (\n                    <i>Propithecus diadema<\/i>\n                    ) and Black\u2010and\u2010White Ruffed Lemurs (\n                    <i>Varecia variegata<\/i>\n                    ) in Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5245-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bonadonna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Wroblewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1475-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krista M.","family":"Milich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"},{"name":"Present affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Missouri Botanical Garden","author":"Andrianarisata M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.58661\/ijsse.v4i3.331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-52689-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000510965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Balko E. A.1998. \u201cA Behaviorally Plastic Response to Forest Composition and Logging Disturbance byVarecia variegata variegatain Ranomafana National Park Madagascar.\u201d Doctoral diss. State University of New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Beeby N.2025. \u201cCharacterizing the Nutrition\u2010Gut Microbiome\u2010Host Physiology Axis to Examine Flexibility in a Fruit\u2010Specialist Primate.\u201d Doctoral diss. City University of New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Ruffed Lemurs on the Edge: Recolonization of Varecia variegata in a Disturbed Forest","volume":"24","author":"Beeby N.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lemur News"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.23484"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evan.21874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2005.04094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11248"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-021-00215-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2021.109275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"Britt A.1996. \u201cEnvironmental Influences on the Behavioural Ecology of the Black\u2010and\u2010White Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata variegata Kerr 1792).\u201d Doctoral diss. 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