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Because these behaviors can be costly, individuals balance costs and benefits when responding to perceived threats. The cognitive capacity and behavioral plasticity of baboons make them an ideal taxon for studying the context\u2010dependent variation in antipredator strategies. We used an autonomous, motion\u2010activated playback experiment to study the behavioral responses of chacma baboons (\n                    <jats:italic>Papio ursinus griseipes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to simulated predator encounters in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. We compared responses in 2021, when predator densities were relatively low, to 2024, after predation increased due to lion (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera leo<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) population recovery and African wild dog (\n                    <jats:italic>Lycaon pictus)<\/jats:italic>\n                    reintroduction. We compared flight and vigilance responses to vocalizations of these common predators with responses to leopard (\n                    <jats:italic>Panthera pardus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), historically a key predator; spotted hyena (\n                    <jats:italic>Crocuta crocuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a rare predator; and cheetah (\n                    <jats:italic>Acinonyx jubatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), absent historically and currently. We assessed how responses varied with habitat, age\u2010sex class, presence of offspring, and number of baboons in frame. Across 916 predator playbacks, baboons fled in 19% and displayed vigilance in 71%. When predator density was higher in 2024, baboons displayed weakened antipredator responses, possibly because baboons were more experienced with assessing risk, including risk associated with playback cues. Baboons were more likely to flee and more vigilant in response to leopard and wild dog cues. Juveniles fled more frequently than other demographics, while adult females with offspring were more vigilant. Responses were highly heterogeneous, reflecting behavioral flexibility characteristic of baboons.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:17:34Z","timestamp":1791199054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Context\u2010Dependent Reactive Antipredator Behavior of Chacma Baboons (\n                    <i>Papio ursinus griseipes<\/i>\n                    ) Amidst Predator Recovery"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6623-5443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Van Cuylenborg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1416-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith S.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biodiversity and Global Change Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4542-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gorongosa National Park  Sofala Mozambique"},{"name":"Institute of Human Sciences Oxford University Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlyn M.","family":"Gaynor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Botany University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz0870"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23381"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06657-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Anderson J. L. R. D.Beilfuss C. L.Pereira andR.Zolho(2006). Proposed Strategy to Reintroduce and Supplement Wildlife Populations in Gorongosa National Park Mo\u00e7ambique [Unpublished report to the Carr Foundation]."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Audacity Team.2014. Audacity(R): Free Audio Editor and Recorder [Computer program]. 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