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For each individual, three\u2010dimensional coordinates of 18 landmarks on the skull were collected from three\u2010dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructed images and two\u2010dimensional CT axial slices. Early and late groups were created from the human (early mean age, 24 weeks, N = 8; late mean age, 34 weeks, N = 9) and macaque samples (early mean age, 17.7 weeks, N = 7; late mean age, 23 weeks, N = 9). Inter\u2010 and intraspecific comparisons were made between the early and late groups. To determine if macaques and humans share a common fetal pattern of relative growth, human change in shape estimated from a comparison of early and late groups was compared to the pattern estimated between early and late macaque groups. Euclidean distance matrix analysis was used in all comparisons. Intraspecific comparisons indicate that the growing fetal skull displays the greatest amount of change along mediolateral dimensions. Changes during human growth are primarily localized to the basicranium and palate, while macaques experience localized change in the midface. Interspecific comparisons indicate that the two primate species do not share a common pattern of relative growth, and the macaque pattern is characterized by increased midfacial growth relative to humans. Our results suggest that morphological differences in the craniofacial skeleton of these species are in part established by differences in fetal growth patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:339\u2013351, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,18]],"date-time":"2003-03-18T23:06:03Z","timestamp":1048028763000},"page":"339-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Growth\u2010related shape changes in the fetal craniofacial complex of humans (<i>Homo sapiens<\/i>) and pigtailed macaques (<i>Macaca nemestrina<\/i>): A 3D\u2010CT comparative analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Zumpano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan T.","family":"Richtsmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"AnemoneRL WattsES.1990.Dental development in apes and humans: a comment on"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"149","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"The bony nasopharynx: a roentgen\u2010craniometric study","volume":"21","author":"Bergland O","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"Orban's oral histology and embryology","author":"Bhaskar SN","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(55)90005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Correlation of perineal detumescence and ovulation in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)","volume":"27","author":"Blakley GA","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Symposium on development of the basicranium","author":"Bosma JF","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Bolton standards of dentofacial developmental growth","author":"Broadbent S","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000680204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345650440010401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001250106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2413389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"797","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism, socionomic sex ratios and body weight in primates","volume":"269","author":"Clutton\u2010Brock TH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"VayTek: VoxBlast 3D measurement and visualization","author":"Colburn A","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330870107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569(2001)038<0134:TEONSO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001670407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(85)90107-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001090203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001270403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330240303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"256","article-title":"The neural\u2010cranial basis for facial form and pattern","volume":"43","author":"Enlow DH","year":"1973","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2101-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Growth of the foetal skull","volume":"90","author":"Ford ERH","year":"1956","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Cranial allometry in the great apes","volume":"28","author":"Giles E","year":"1956","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Ontogeny and phylogeny","author":"Gould SJ","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"GrauszH.1991a.Growth of the perinatal craniofacial complex characterized in three dimensions. 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