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However, apart from a few exemplary cases that display double\u2010digit frequencies, very little direct (i.e., skeletal) evidence of violent trauma has dovetailed with the archaeological presumptions of warfare. Eight sites from the Chickamauga Reservoir of east Tennessee were examined for skeletal evidence of deliberate violent trauma. Violent trauma was anticipated because these sites are in close proximity and consist of two adjacent, sociopolitically distinct, and temporally overlapping phases: Dallas (AD 1300\u20131600) and Mouse Creek (AD 1400\u20131600). In addition to small, round, nonlethal ectocranial blunt\u2010force trauma (BFT) on the frontal and upper parietal bones, inflicted projectile points and scalping were identified. The low total trauma frequency in the Dallas sample (3.86%, n = 259) is consistent with emerging evidence from east and west Tennessee Late Mississippian data, but significantly different from Mouse Creek (8.06%, n = 273). The proportion of nonlethal cranial BFT in the collective Chickamauga sample is large and at odds with the Tennessee River Valley comparative literature. Based on other bioarchaeological literature, this pattern suggests intragroup violence, but not face\u2010to\u2010face ritual contests. It is better explained as interpersonal conflict resolution along codified lines. This is consistent with southeastern ethnohistoric data and may explain the more frequent cranial BFT in the less stratified Mouse Creek phase, which likely would not have had an overarching civil authority. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,23]],"date-time":"2003-07-23T10:12:05Z","timestamp":1058955125000},"page":"303-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Beyond palisades: The nature and frequency of late prehistoric deliberate violent trauma in the Chickamauga Reservoir of East Tennessee"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Maria Ostendorf","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"The Savannah River chiefdoms: political change in the late prehistoric southeast","author":"Anderson DG","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology","author":"Aufderheide AC","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Averbuch: a Late Mississippian manifestation in the Nashville basin","author":"Berryman HE","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Skeletal biology in the Great Plains: migration, warfare, health and subsistence","author":"Blakeslee DJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2694206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1212(199601)6:1<66::AID-OA243>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Bioarchaeological studies of life in the age of agriculture: a view from the southeast","author":"Bridges PS","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Skeletal biology in the Great Plains: migration, warfare, health and subsistence","author":"Brooks RL","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Coobol Creek","author":"Brown P","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Transitions to statehood: the New World","author":"Carneiro RL","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"190","volume-title":"The anthropology of war","author":"Carneiro RL","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Studying war: anthropological perspectives","author":"Carneiro RL","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Letters and notes on the manners, customs and conditions of the North American Indians","author":"Catlin G","year":"1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800106.803430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Trauma y estr\u00e9s en poblaciones prehist\u00f3ricas de San Pedro de Atacama, norte de Chile","volume":"30","author":"Costa\u2010Junqueira MA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chungura"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"In the wake of contact: biological responses to conquest","author":"Cybulski JS","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"909","article-title":"The Yanomam\u00f6 of the Mississppi Valley? 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